Thank you! Your submission has been received!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Categories
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

A Functional Medicine Protocol For Balancing Blood Sugar

Medically reviewed by 
 
A Functional Medicine Protocol For Balancing Blood Sugar

At least 136 million Americans have prediabetes or diabetes. By 2045, it is estimated that 700 million people worldwide will be affected by type 2 diabetes. In the face of rising trends in metabolic dysfunction and diabetes, there is a pressing need to adopt a functional medicine approach to blood sugar management, emphasizing personalized interventions aimed at preventing and reversing these concerning health trajectories.

[signup]

What is Blood Sugar Regulation?

Blood sugar regulation is a complex and tightly controlled process that involves several hormones, primarily insulin and glucagon, as well as the pancreas. The main goal is to maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range to ensure that cells receive a steady and appropriate supply of energy. Let's quickly walk through the basics of blood sugar regulation.

The pancreas plays a central role in blood sugar regulation. It is an organ located behind the stomach and has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Islets of Langerhans are groups of endocrine pancreatic cells that produce the body's primary blood sugar-regulating hormones.

In response to elevated blood glucose levels, insulin is released by pancreatic beta cells. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells, especially muscle and adipose (fat) cells. It facilitates glucose transport into these cells, reducing blood glucose levels. (20

Glucagon is released by pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose levels, usually between meals or during fasting. Its primary function is to stimulate the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose (through glycogenolysis) and release it into the bloodstream. In situations where glycogen stores are depleted, the liver can also produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, through a process called gluconeogenesis. (27

Disorders related to blood sugar imbalance encompass a spectrum of conditions, ranging from hypoglycemia, characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels often causing symptoms like dizziness and confusion, to hyperglycemia, marked by elevated blood glucose levels, a hallmark of diabetes. Insulin resistance, a condition where cells become less responsive to insulin's actions, can lead to persistent high blood sugar levels and type 2 diabetes. These conditions pose significant health risks, potentially leading to complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney dysfunction, and nerve damage.

The Functional Medicine Perspective

Functional medicine is an approach to healthcare that focuses on identifying and addressing the root causes of illness rather than merely treating symptoms. It emphasizes a personalized and patient-centered approach, considering the interconnectedness of various physiological systems within the body. Functional medicine practitioners collaborate with patients to explore lifestyle factors, genetics, environment, and underlying imbalances that may contribute to health issues. By understanding the unique aspects of an individual's health and addressing the underlying causes, functional medicine aims to promote optimal wellness and prevent chronic diseases. 

The functional medicine approach to blood sugar differs vastly from that of the conventional medical model. Under the current standard model, the approach to blood sugar management involves reactive measures, waiting until blood sugar levels, as indicated by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, reach a specific threshold before initiating treatment. The emphasis is on managing symptoms and complications rather than proactively addressing the underlying issues. In contrast, functional medicine advocates for a proactive stance by screening for early signs of metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance, even before HbA1c levels indicate a diabetic state. This approach aims to identify and address metabolic imbalances at their inception, preventing the progression to prediabetes or diabetes. By focusing on early detection and personalized interventions, functional medicine empowers individuals to embrace a holistic approach to blood sugar management, making lifestyle changes that can positively impact their metabolic health, potentially averting the need for more aggressive interventions in the future.

Functional Medicine Lab Testing

Utilizing specialty labs plays a crucial role in the functional medicine paradigm, offering advanced diagnostic tools to identify subtle imbalances, assess insulin resistance, and monitor blood sugar levels, enabling a more personalized and preventive approach to maintaining metabolic health. The following tests are commonly utilized for functional diagnostics in blood sugar management.

Fasting Glucose

Fasting glucose is a standard marker of blood sugar. This test measures your blood sugar after not eating for 8-12 hours. A fasting blood sugar level of 99 mg/dL or lower is normal, 100-125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher falls within the diabetic range. This test is available through many labs, such as Access Medical Laboratories, and BostonHeart Diagnostics

Hemoglobin A1c

HbA1c measures a patient's average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months. A HbA1c level below 5.7% is normal, 5.7-6.4% indicates prediabetes, and 6.5% or higher is diagnostic for diabetes. Like fasting glucose, HbA1c is a standard lab available for order through many lab companies, including Access Medical Laboratories, and Ayumetrix

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

CGM is a valuable tool in blood sugar management that provides real-time information on glucose levels throughout the day and night. Unlike traditional blood glucose monitoring, which offers periodic snapshots, CGM provides a continuous data stream, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of glucose fluctuations and trends. This real-time feedback enables individuals, particularly those with diabetes or insulin resistance, to make informed decisions about their diet, physical activity, and medication. CGM not only helps avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia by providing timely alerts but also aids in identifying patterns and triggers influencing blood sugar levels, leading to better overall glycemic control and improved long-term health outcomes.

Insulin

Fasting insulin levels reflect the amount of insulin in the bloodstream after fasting for at least eight hours. High levels suggest insulin resistance – the pancreas must pump more insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. While standard reference ranges indicate that fasting insulin under 25 μU/mL is normal, metabolic specialists agree that optimal fasting insulin should stay below 10 μU/mL. The fasting insulin test by Access Medical Laboratories is a simple blood test that costs less than $20. 

Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)

The HOMA-IR w/ Beta Cell Function test by BostonHeart Diagnostics uses the homeostatic model assessment to approximate insulin resistance. HOMA-IR is a slightly more complex test than fasting insulin in that it analyzes fasting insulin and glucose together to more accurately assess the degree of insulin resistance. The HOMA-IR test produces a single marker score, which is an indicator of insulin resistance. Most data have designated a HOMA-IR score of 2.5 as the threshold for insulin resistance.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

The OGTT is a test in which a patient drinks a glucose-containing liquid and then has their glucose and insulin measured every thirty minutes over the next two hours. Typically, glucose levels rise, followed by a peak in insulin, and then glucose steadily decreases over the remainder of the test as insulin efficiently removes it from circulation. Abnormal insulin and glucose patterns that deviate from this pattern can indicate the early stages of insulin resistance and can diagnose the presence of prediabetes and diabetes. (14)

[signup]

Dietary Strategies for Blood Sugar Control

Numerous studies support the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet in preventing and treating type 2 diabetes. Research, including landmark trials like PREDIMED, has consistently demonstrated that adherence to the Mediterranean diet, characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, is associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. For individuals with existing diabetes, adopting this dietary pattern has shown positive outcomes in improved glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular health, and weight management. (24

Why is this? The principles of the Mediterranean diet are centered around primary nutritional concepts known to foster optimal metabolic health, insulin responses, and stabilized blood sugar levels. First, the Mediterranean diet encourages the consumption of low-glycemic foods, including fatty fish, olive oil, non-starchy vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, while eliminating ultra-processed foods laden with simple sugars. In contrast to refined sugars and carbohydrates, many low-glycemic foods are rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates, which slow the digestion and absorption of glucose, promoting more controlled blood sugar levels and satiety. 

The Mediterranean diet also balances the ratio of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) consumed. While it's easy to solely direct our focus on carbohydrates when discussing blood sugar management, protein and fats have equally important roles to play in metabolic health. Protein is essential in building muscle mass, which is directly linked to muscular glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Research also indicates that reducing carbohydrate intake in conjunction with increasing intake of unsaturated fats improves insulin sensitivity.

Lifestyle and Behavioral Changes

Being physically active less than three times weekly is a risk factor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Exercise directly influences how our bodies process and use energy. Physical activity prompts immediate glucose uptake by working muscles, reducing blood glucose levels. Muscle contractions during exercise stimulate the translocation of glucose transporters to the cell membrane, enhancing glucose uptake independent of insulin. This acute response improves insulin sensitivity during and after exercise, creating a window of heightened responsiveness. Over the long term, regular exercise induces adaptations that extend beyond the activity period. It promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, enhancing the capacity for energy production within cells. Persistent exercise also reduces overall body fat, particularly visceral fat associated with insulin resistance. Additionally, it mitigates chronic inflammation, a factor linked to impaired insulin sensitivity. The cumulative impact of these adaptations leads to sustained improvements in blood sugar control and insulin sensitivity. 

When the body is dehydrated, it can lead to changes in blood sugar due to reduced blood volume. As the blood becomes more concentrated, the ratio of glucose to water increases, causing higher blood sugar concentrations. Drinking enough water, generally 0.5-1 ounce per pound body weight daily, can prevent dehydration-associated blood sugar spikes. 

Sleep deprivation increases the risk of insulin resistance and high blood sugar by affecting oxidative stress and hormones involved in blood sugar and appetite regulation (e.g., insulin, cortisol, ghrelin). Therefore, improving sleep hygiene habits and sleep patterns in patients who do not meet sleep requirements should be considered as part of behavioral modifications for glucose control.

Supplements and Herbal Remedies

Dietary and herbal supplements serve as valuable adjunctive therapies, complementing dietary and lifestyle modifications to provide comprehensive and sustained support for long-term blood sugar control.

Chromium

Chromium is a trace mineral that plays a role in glucose metabolism. Insufficient levels are linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Chromium enhances the action of insulin by promoting its binding to cell receptors, allowing cells to take up glucose more efficiently. Chromium doses between 50-1,000 μg daily for 4-25 weeks are associated with reductions in fasting blood sugar, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in patients with type 2 diabetes. 

Cinnamon

The active compound in cinnamon, called cinnamaldehyde, influences various aspects of insulin action, such as promoting insulin receptor activity and increasing glucose uptake by cells. In a meta-analysis of ten randomized controlled trials including 543 patients, cinnamon doses of 120mg to 6 grams daily for 4-18 weeks reduced fasting glucose levels by an average of 24.59 mg/dL. (1)

Berberine

Berberine activates an enzyme called AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK plays a crucial role in cellular energy regulation, and its activation has been associated with improved glucose uptake, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and increased glucose utilization by cells. Typically dosed at 500 mg three times daily at the beginning of meals, berberine supplementation is associated with reduced fasting and post-prandial glucose levels and HbA1c. The addition of berberine supplementation also enhances the favorable clinical results related to blood sugar when combined with dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and hypoglycemic medications. (21

Inositol

Inositol is a sugar alcohol that enhances insulin sensitivity through its involvement in cell signaling pathways related to insulin action and glucose metabolism. Improvements in OGTT, fasting glucose and insulin, and HOMA-IR have been observed in patients taking inositol in doses of 1,200-4,000 mg daily.

Managing Underlying Conditions

A functional medicine perspective regards blood sugar abnormalities not merely as isolated issues but as symptoms signaling potential underlying health conditions. Hormonal imbalances, including disruptions in cortisol and thyroid hormones, can significantly impact blood sugar regulation. Chronic inflammation, often stemming from various sources such as poor diet, stress, or unresolved infections, may contribute to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Furthermore, disturbances in gut health, marked by dysbiosis, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes. 

In the functional medicine approach, addressing underlying health issues becomes integral to effective blood sugar management. Treatment strategies may involve personalized dietary interventions, targeted supplementation to support hormone balance, stress reduction techniques, and efforts to optimize gut health. This integrative approach recognizes the interconnectedness of various physiological systems, aiming not only to manage blood sugar but also to restore overall health and prevent the progression of chronic conditions. By addressing the root causes, functional medicine seeks to empower individuals to achieve lasting improvements in blood sugar control and overall well-being.

[signup]

Balancing Blood Sugar: Key Takeaways

Holistic blood sugar management with functional medicine involves acknowledging blood sugar abnormalities in the greater context of an individual's general health status. By understanding the interconnectedness of various physiological systems, individuals can not only manage blood sugar but also enhance overall health. Therefore, combining blood sugar-specific dietary interventions, lifestyle modifications, and supplementation with efforts to optimize hormonal signaling, stress management, and gut health is integral to achieving lasting improvements in metabolic function and blood sugar control. 

The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

1. Allen, R. W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W. L., et al. (2013). Cinnamon Use in Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1517

2. Anderson, S. (2022, September 14). This is What Happens to Your Body When You are Dehydrated. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/this-is-what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-are-dehydrated

3. Asbaghi, O., Fatemeh, N., Mahnaz, R. K., et al. (2020). Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research, 161, 105098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098

4. Bandopadhyay, P., & Ganguly, D. (2022). Gut dysbiosis and metabolic diseases. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 191(1), 153–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.031

5. Biernacka-Bartnik, A., Kocełak, P., Owczarek, A., et al. (2023). The cut-off value for HOMA-IR discriminating the insulin resistance based on the SHBG level in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Frontiers in Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1100547

6. Blake, K. (2023, October 12). Prescribing Fruits and Vegetables to Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Guide. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/prescribing-fruits-and-vegetables-to-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-a-comprehensive-guide

7. Buppajarntham, S. (2023). Insulin. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview?reg=1

8. By the Numbers: Diabetes in America. (2022). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/health-equity/diabetes-by-the-numbers.html

9. Christie, J. (2023, February 8). How Chromium Deficiency Affects Our Metabolism. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-chromium-deficiency-affects-our-metabolism

10. Cloyd, J. (2023, June 27). Utilizing Functional Medicine Labs In Practice To Help Individualize Nutrition Options for Type 2 Diabetics. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/3-functional-medicine-labs-that-can-help-individualize-nutrition-options-for-type-2-diabetics

11. Cloyd, J. (2023, July 5). Integrative Approaches to Managing High Blood Sugar: Specialty Testing, Lifestyle Modifications, and Natural Remedies. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-approaches-to-managing-high-blood-sugar-testing-lifestyle-modifications-and-natural-remedies

12. Cloyd, J. (2023, November 21). Do You Know About Inositol? Learn the 6 Evidence-Based Uses for This Powerful Nutrient. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/do-you-know-about-inositol-learn-the-6-evidence-based-uses-for-this-powerful-nutrient

13. Diabetes Risk Factors. (2022, April 5). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/risk-factors.html

14. Diabetes Tests. (2023, February 28). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/getting-tested.html

15. DiNicolantonio, J. J., & O'Keefe, J. H. (2022). Myo-inositol for insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes. Open Heart, 9(1), e001989. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2022-001989

16. Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., et al. (2018). Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(25), e34. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1800389

17. Gabriely, I., Ma, X. H., Yang, X. M., et al. (2002). Removal of Visceral Fat Prevents Insulin Resistance and Glucose Intolerance of Aging: An Adipokine-Mediated Process? Diabetes, 51(10), 2951–2958. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951

18. Gadgil, M. D., Appel, L. J., Yeung, E., et al. (2012). The Effects of Carbohydrate, Unsaturated Fat, and Protein Intake on Measures of Insulin Sensitivity: Results from the OmniHeart Trial. Diabetes Care, 36(5), 1132–1137. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0869

19. Greenan, S. (2021, October 11). 7 Early Signs Of Insulin Resistance. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-is-insulin-resistance

20. Insulin. (2022, March 7). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22601-insulin

21. Lan, J., Zhao, Y., Dong, F., et al. (2015). Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 161, 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049

22. Maholy, N. (2023, March 9). Integrative Medicine Protocol For Reversing Type 2 Diabetes. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-medicine-protocol-for-reversing-type-2-diabetes

23. Maholy, N. (2023, March 15). How Processed Sugar Affects Our Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-processed-sugar-affects-our-health

24. Martín-Peláez, S., Fito, M., & Castaner, O. (2020). Mediterranean Diet Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Prevention, Disease Progression, and Related Mechanisms. A Review. Nutrients, 12(8), 2236.

25. Pacheco, D. (2022, April 1). Lack of Sleep and Diabetes. Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-health/lack-of-sleep-and-diabetes

26. Rehman, K., & Akash, M. S. H. (2016). Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: how are they interlinked? Journal of Biomedical Science, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-016-0303-y

27. Rix, I., Nexøe-Larsen, C., Bergmann, N. C., et al. (2019). Glucagon Physiology. In K. R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, M. R. Blackman, & et al. (Eds.), Endotext. MDText.com, Inc. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279127/

28. Rowden, A. (2023, April 5). Does dehydration impact blood sugar levels? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-dehydration-cause-high-blood-sugar

29. Shou, J., Chen, P.-J., & Xiao, W.-H. (2020). Mechanism of increased risk of insulin resistance in aging skeletal muscle. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(14), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-0523-x

30. Sissons, B. (2021, October 25). Beta cells in type 2 diabetes: Science explained. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/beta-cells-in-type-2-diabetes

31. Sorriento, D., Di Vaia, E., & Iaccarino, G. (2021). Physical Exercise: A Novel Tool to Protect Mitochondrial Health. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.660068

32. Sweetnich, J. (2023, February 28). How to Balance Cortisol Levels Naturally. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-balance-cortisol-levels-naturally

33. Sweetnich, J. (2023, May 24). Overview of The Pancreas: Top Conditions, Specialty Testing, and Integrative Medicine Treatment Options. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/pancrease-101-with-testing-top-conditions

34. Teeter, L. A. (2023, May 18). 4 Lab Test That Can Help You Explore the Connection Between Inflammation and Your Patients Metabolic Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-connection-between-inflammation-metabolic-health

35. The Levels Team. (2022, July 9). What are normal levels of insulin and why don't we test it more? Levels. https://www.levelshealth.com/blog/what-are-normal-insulin-levels-and-why-dont-we-test-it-more

36. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, November 16). What Is the Mediterranean Diet? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/4-science-backed-health-benefits-of-the-mediterranean-diet

37. Weinberg, J. L. (2023, February 21). 5 Lab Test To Run on Your Hypoglycemia Patients. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/5-lab-test-for-your-hypoglycemia-patients

38. Weinberg, J. L. (2023, August 18). A Root Cause Medicine Approach to Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-root-cause-medicine-approach-to-thyroid-hormone-resistance-syndrome

39. Yin, J., Xing, H., & Ye, J. (2008). Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 57(5), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.013

40. Yin, J., Ye, J., & Jia, W. (2012). Effects and mechanisms of berberine in diabetes treatment. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2(4), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2012.06.003

41. Yoshimura, H. (2023, June 6). How to Start Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Your Practice. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-start-using-continuous-glucose-monitoring-in-your-practice

42. Yoshimura, H. (2023, July 17). Using Functional Medicine As Personalized Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/using-functional-medicine-as-personalized-medicine

43. Yoshimura, H. (2023, November 13). Sweat It Out: The Powerful Connection Between Exercise and Insulin Sensitivity. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/sweat-it-out-the-powerful-connection-between-exercise-and-insulin-sensitivity

44. Yoshimura, H. (2023, November 27). From Spoonfuls to Symptoms: The Sugar-Diabetes Connection Explained. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/from-spoonfuls-to-symptoms-the-sugar-diabetes-connection-explained

Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.