Title
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

The Value of Urinalysis in Functional Medicine: A Tool for Comprehensive Health Assessment

Why This Was Updated?

Our specialists regularly review advancements in health and wellness, ensuring our articles are updated with the newest information as it becomes accessible.
Medically Reviewed by

Comprehensive health assessments serve as the cornerstone for effective patient care. Recognizing the intricate interplay of various physiological systems, functional medicine emphasizes the need for thorough diagnostic approaches to provide healthcare that extends beyond symptom management. Among the array of diagnostic tools, urinalysis offers crucial insights into a patient's overall health by analyzing diverse components in urine. This diagnostic tool plays a key role in uncovering underlying health issues and guiding practitioners in formulating personalized interventions for optimal patient outcomes.

[signup]

Overview of Functional Medicine

Functional medicine represents a paradigm shift in healthcare, adopting a holistic approach to understanding health and disease comprehensively. Unlike conventional medicine, which often follows a symptom-centric healthcare model, functional medicine delves into the root causes of health issues, considering the interconnectedness of various bodily systems to prevent disease and restore optimal wellness.

At its core, functional medicine places a strong emphasis on individualized care. It deviates from the one-size-fits-all algorithms that govern medical standard of care guidelines, recognizing that each person is unique. Practitioners aim to tailor treatments based on a thorough understanding of the patient's lifestyle, socioeconomics, genetics, and environmental factors. This personalized approach acknowledges that what works for one individual may not be suitable for another.

In the realm of diagnostics, functional medicine utilizes a diverse array of labs to uncover the underlying factors contributing to health imbalances. Specialty tests utilize a variety of sample types and narrower reference ranges to analyze biomarkers not routinely measured by standard labs to provide an in-depth perspective into an individual's health status. While specialty labs can provide important and nuanced insights into a patient's symptoms, their major drawback is their hefty price tag. Standard labs, especially during a preliminary health assessment, can provide a plethora of information, particularly if results are analyzed with inquisitive and fastidious eyes. Urinalysis is one such example of a standard lab that holds immense value in health screenings and diagnostics. A urine test is non-invasive and inexpensive and can be a valuable source of information regarding a patient's metabolic and physiologic status.

What Is Urinalysis?

Urinalysis (UA) is a valuable medical diagnostic tool, providing crucial insights into an individual's health by examining a urine sample's various physical, chemical, and microscopic components. It can easily be performed as a point-of-care test in a medical office or sent to a remote lab for evaluation. 

The standard process of conducting a UA involves the patient collecting a clean, midstream urine sample. A "clean catch" is a urine collection method where the initial and final portions of urine flow are discarded to obtain a sample representative of the middle portion of the urine stream, minimizing external contaminants, such as commensal bacteria on the skin. 

The physical components of UA encompass color, clarity, and odor. Foods, medications, metabolic byproducts, and infections may cause urinary color variations. Clarity, on the other hand, helps assess the presence of sediment and infection in urine, clues that suggest the presence of kidney stones or a urinary tract infection (UTI), respectively. Infection, diabetic ketoacidosis, medications, and dietary factors can cause deviations from normal urine odor. (18

__wf_reserved_inherit

Chemical components of urine are measured through dipstick analysis. This portion of a UA includes an analysis of the following analytes via a chemical testing strip (18, 20): 

  • Bilirubin: breakdown product of hemoglobin 
  • Blood
  • Glucose: sugar
  • Ketones
  • Leukocyte Esterase: an enzyme produced by neutrophils (a type of white blood cell)
  • Nitrites: a metabolic byproduct of bacteria
  • pH: the measure of urine acidity of alkalinity 
  • Protein
  • Specific Gravity: urine osmolality (concentration) 
  • Urobilinogen: breakdown product of bilirubin

Finally, microscopic examination involves scrutinizing urine sediment for casts, cells, crystals, and bacteria to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of kidney and systemic diseases, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections (18).

Order versions of this test through Access Medical Labs:

[signup]

The Role of Urinalysis in Health Assessment

UA is a powerful laboratory method for assessing metabolic health due to the kidneys' role in filtering and concentrating urine to eliminate metabolic waste. Therefore, analyzing urine composition not only serves as a specific laboratory method to analyze the health of the urinary system, but it can also aid in diagnosing metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. (20)

Chemical urinalysis allows for identifying conditions such as diabetes, kidney diseases, urinary tract infections, and other systemic conditions that can injure the urinary system (e.g., lupus). For example, proteinuria (elevated protein in the urine) points towards kidney issues, while the presence of glucose and ketones may indicate metabolic complications related to diabetes. 

These preliminary results enhance doctors' abilities to make individualized and effective decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing patient care. One of the key benefits is the early detection of health issues such as kidney diseases, diabetes, and urinary tract infections. This enables prompt follow-up testing (such as urine culture) and intervention to mitigate the progression of these conditions. Additionally, UAs assist doctors in routinely monitoring kidney function as it pertains to disease, aiding doctors in optimizing and refining treatment plans based on real-time physiologic data. 

Urinalysis and Nutritional Assessment

UA is also valuable for assessing a patient's nutritional status and dietary patterns. The analysis of various components in urine offers insights into hydration levels, nutritional imbalances, and the effectiveness of dietary interventions.

Urinalysis provides a straightforward evaluation of hydration status. The specific gravity of urine indicates the concentration of solutes, reflecting hydration levels. Normal specific gravity ranges from 1.003 to 1.030. A value of less than 1.010 indicates relative hydration, whereas values greater than 1.020 indicate dehydration. (18

Beyond hydration, urinalysis sheds light on the patient's nutritional intake. Analysis of urinary pH can offer clues about dietary habits. The pH scale is a logarithmic measure that quantifies the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline), with 7 considered neutral. Urinary pH ranges from 4.5 to 8 but tends to be more acidic (between 5.5 and 6.5). High-protein diets and ingesting acidic fruits, like cranberries, can cause urine to become more acidic. Conversely, vegetarian diets and those high in citrate can cause urine to become more alkaline. (17, 18

The ketogenic diet, characterized by a low-carbohydrate, high-fat intake, has shown medical efficacy in various contexts. Primarily used in managing epilepsy, it has demonstrated seizure reduction in some patients. The ketogenic diet is also employed for weight loss and metabolic health, showcasing benefits in improving insulin sensitivity and promoting fat loss (11). Monitoring ketosis, a metabolic state where the body utilizes ketones for energy, is crucial for the diet's success. Urine ketones serve as a practical indicator, confirming whether a patient is effectively reaching ketosis by detecting the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. 

Integrating Urinalysis With Other Diagnostic Methods

The integration of urinalysis with other diagnostic methods is a cornerstone of achieving a comprehensive understanding of an individual's health. The practice involves combining UAs with blood tests, imaging studies, and a thorough patient intake to form a complete view of the patient's health.

Combining UAs with blood tests allows practitioners to triangulate data from both bodily fluids, providing a more nuanced perspective on metabolic and biochemical processes. Using diabetes as an example, while blood tests reveal information about systemic markers of blood sugar regulation like hemoglobin A1c and insulin, UA offers insights into the body's excretory processes, facilitating a more thorough assessment of organ dysfunction that can occur as a complication of uncontrolled hyperglycemia.

Imaging studies complement UA by providing visual information about the structure and function of organs within the urinary system. This synergy allows for identifying anatomical abnormalities, such as kidney stones or structural issues, which may influence urinalysis results. Integrating these modalities ensures a comprehensive evaluation of both form and function.

Patient history, a fundamental component of functional medicine, is crucial for understanding the context of health issues. By correlating urinalysis results with the patient's medical history, lifestyle, and environmental factors, practitioners gain a deeper understanding of the root causes of health imbalances and UA results.

Challenges and Limitations of Urinalysis

While urinalysis is a valuable diagnostic tool, it is essential to acknowledge and address the challenges and limitations associated with its use in medical assessments. One prominent challenge lies in the variability of sample collection. Factors such as hydration status, time of day, and individual habits can influence urine composition, potentially leading to variations in results. Ensuring standardized collection procedures, including midstream catches and proper sample storage, is crucial to mitigate these challenges. Urine samples should be examined within two hours of collection due to the instability of urinary components. Samples older than 24 hours cannot be used for urinalysis. (17, 18)

Another limitation stems from the potential for false positives or negatives. External factors, such as certain medications or dietary supplements, can impact urinalysis outcomes, leading to misleading results. Clinicians must be vigilant in obtaining a comprehensive patient history to identify potential interfering substances, ensuring that external influences do not confound their interpretations. (17, 18)

Technological advancements and standardization of collection procedures are pivotal in addressing these challenges. Automated analyzers equipped with advanced algorithms contribute to more precise and consistent results. Providers should take the time to educate patients on UA collection procedures, including the discontinuation of potentially interfering medications and supplements (if possible). The number of false positive urine cultures can be reduced by 20% with a proper clean catch. 

[signup]

Using Urinalysis in Practice: Key Takeaways

Urinalysis is a critical tool in functional medicine, offering unparalleled insights into comprehensive health assessments. Its ability to analyze various components of urine provides clues into the metabolic, nutritional, and urinary aspects of an individual's well-being. By integrating urinalysis into a holistic diagnostic approach, healthcare practitioners can obtain a nuanced view of the patient's health, considering the interconnected nature of the human body. This comprehensive analysis not only aids in the early detection and management of health issues but also guides personalized interventions. Integrating urinalysis into the diagnostic framework of medicine is paramount for achieving better patient outcomes, as it allows for tailored and proactive healthcare strategies based on a thorough understanding of the individual's unique health profile.

Comprehensive health assessments are important for understanding patient health. Recognizing how different body systems work together, functional medicine focuses on detailed diagnostic approaches to provide healthcare that goes beyond just managing symptoms. Among the various diagnostic tools, urinalysis offers valuable insights into a person's overall health by examining different components in urine. This tool can help identify potential health issues and assist practitioners in creating personalized plans for better patient outcomes.

[signup]

Overview of Functional Medicine

Functional medicine represents a shift in healthcare, adopting a holistic approach to understanding health and wellness. Unlike conventional medicine, which often focuses on symptoms, functional medicine looks into the root causes of health issues, considering how different body systems are connected to support overall well-being.

Functional medicine emphasizes individualized care. It moves away from one-size-fits-all approaches, recognizing that each person is unique. Practitioners aim to tailor care based on a thorough understanding of the patient's lifestyle, socioeconomics, genetics, and environmental factors. This personalized approach acknowledges that what works for one person may not be suitable for another.

In diagnostics, functional medicine uses a variety of labs to explore factors contributing to health imbalances. Specialty tests use different sample types and narrower reference ranges to analyze biomarkers not routinely measured by standard labs, providing a deeper perspective into an individual's health status. While specialty labs can offer important insights, they can be expensive. Standard labs, especially during an initial health assessment, can provide a lot of information, particularly if results are analyzed carefully. Urinalysis is one such standard lab that holds significant value in health screenings and diagnostics. A urine test is non-invasive and affordable and can be a valuable source of information about a patient's metabolic and physiological status.

What Is Urinalysis?

Urinalysis (UA) is a useful medical diagnostic tool, providing insights into an individual's health by examining a urine sample's various physical, chemical, and microscopic components. It can be performed as a point-of-care test in a medical office or sent to a lab for evaluation.Β 

The standard process of conducting a UA involves the patient collecting a clean, midstream urine sample. A "clean catch" is a urine collection method where the initial and final portions of urine flow are discarded to obtain a sample representative of the middle portion of the urine stream, minimizing external contaminants, such as bacteria on the skin.Β 

The physical components of UA include color, clarity, and odor. Foods, medications, metabolic byproducts, and infections may cause urinary color variations. Clarity helps assess the presence of sediment and infection in urine, which may suggest the presence of kidney stones or a urinary tract infection (UTI). Infection, diabetic ketoacidosis, medications, and dietary factors can cause changes in urine odor. (18)Β 

Chemical components of urine are measured through dipstick analysis. This part of a UA includes an analysis of the following analytes via a chemical testing strip (18, 20):Β 

  • Bilirubin: breakdown product of hemoglobinΒ 
  • Blood
  • Glucose: sugar
  • Ketones
  • Leukocyte Esterase: an enzyme produced by neutrophils (a type of white blood cell)
  • Nitrites: a metabolic byproduct of bacteria
  • pH: the measure of urine acidity or alkalinityΒ 
  • Protein
  • Specific Gravity: urine osmolality (concentration)Β 
  • Urobilinogen: breakdown product of bilirubin

Finally, microscopic examination involves looking at urine sediment for casts, cells, crystals, and bacteria to help in understanding kidney and systemic health, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections (18).

Order versions of this test through Access Medical Labs:

[signup]

The Role of Urinalysis in Health Assessment

UA is a useful laboratory method for assessing metabolic health due to the kidneys' role in filtering and concentrating urine to manage metabolic waste. Therefore, analyzing urine composition not only serves as a method to analyze the health of the urinary system, but it can also help in understanding metabolic health, such as in diabetes. (20)

Chemical urinalysis allows for identifying conditions such as diabetes, kidney health, urinary tract infections, and other systemic conditions that can affect the urinary system (e.g., lupus). For example, proteinuria (elevated protein in the urine) may suggest kidney issues, while the presence of glucose and ketones may indicate metabolic changes related to diabetes.Β 

These preliminary results can help doctors make individualized and effective decisions regarding care. One of the key benefits is the early detection of health issues such as kidney health, diabetes, and urinary tract infections. This enables prompt follow-up testing (such as urine culture) and actions to support health. Additionally, UAs assist doctors in routinely monitoring kidney function, aiding doctors in optimizing care plans based on real-time data.Β 

Urinalysis and Nutritional Assessment

UA is also valuable for assessing a patient's nutritional status and dietary patterns. The analysis of various components in urine offers insights into hydration levels, nutritional balance, and the effectiveness of dietary choices.

Urinalysis provides a straightforward evaluation of hydration status. The specific gravity of urine indicates the concentration of solutes, reflecting hydration levels. Normal specific gravity ranges from 1.003 to 1.030. A value of less than 1.010 suggests relative hydration, whereas values greater than 1.020 suggest dehydration. (18)Β 

Beyond hydration, urinalysis can provide clues about the patient's nutritional intake. Analysis of urinary pH can offer insights into dietary habits. The pH scale is a measure that quantifies the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline), with 7 considered neutral. Urinary pH ranges from 4.5 to 8 but tends to be more acidic (between 5.5 and 6.5). High-protein diets and consuming acidic fruits, like cranberries, can cause urine to become more acidic. Conversely, vegetarian diets and those high in citrate can cause urine to become more alkaline. (17, 18)Β 

The ketogenic diet, characterized by a low-carbohydrate, high-fat intake, has shown potential benefits in various contexts. It is primarily used in managing epilepsy, where it may help reduce seizures in some patients. The ketogenic diet is also used for weight management and metabolic health, showing potential in improving insulin sensitivity and supporting fat loss (11). Monitoring ketosis, a metabolic state where the body uses ketones for energy, is important for the diet's success. Urine ketones can serve as an indicator, confirming whether a patient is effectively reaching ketosis by detecting the presence of ketone bodies in the urine.Β 

Integrating Urinalysis With Other Diagnostic Methods

The integration of urinalysis with other diagnostic methods is important for achieving a comprehensive understanding of an individual's health. The practice involves combining UAs with blood tests, imaging studies, and a thorough patient intake to form a complete view of the patient's health.

Combining UAs with blood tests allows practitioners to gather data from both bodily fluids, providing a more detailed perspective on metabolic and biochemical processes. Using diabetes as an example, while blood tests reveal information about systemic markers of blood sugar regulation like hemoglobin A1c and insulin, UA offers insights into the body's excretory processes, facilitating a more thorough assessment of organ health that can be affected by blood sugar levels.

Imaging studies complement UA by providing visual information about the structure and function of organs within the urinary system. This combination allows for identifying anatomical features, such as kidney stones or structural issues, which may influence urinalysis results. Integrating these methods ensures a comprehensive evaluation of both form and function.

Patient history, a fundamental component of functional medicine, is crucial for understanding the context of health issues. By correlating urinalysis results with the patient's medical history, lifestyle, and environmental factors, practitioners gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing health and UA results.

Challenges and Limitations of Urinalysis

While urinalysis is a valuable diagnostic tool, it is important to acknowledge and address the challenges and limitations associated with its use in medical assessments. One challenge lies in the variability of sample collection. Factors such as hydration status, time of day, and individual habits can influence urine composition, potentially leading to variations in results. Ensuring standardized collection procedures, including midstream catches and proper sample storage, is crucial to address these challenges. Urine samples should be examined within two hours of collection due to the instability of urinary components. Samples older than 24 hours cannot be used for urinalysis. (17, 18)

Another limitation stems from the potential for false positives or negatives. External factors, such as certain medications or dietary supplements, can impact urinalysis outcomes, leading to misleading results. Clinicians must be careful in obtaining a comprehensive patient history to identify potential interfering substances, ensuring that external influences do not affect their interpretations. (17, 18)

Technological advancements and standardization of collection procedures are important in addressing these challenges. Automated analyzers equipped with advanced algorithms contribute to more precise and consistent results. Providers should educate patients on UA collection procedures, including the discontinuation of potentially interfering medications and supplements (if possible). The number of false positive urine cultures can be reduced by 20% with a proper clean catch.Β 

[signup]

Using Urinalysis in Practice: Key Takeaways

Urinalysis is a useful tool in functional medicine, offering insights into comprehensive health assessments. Its ability to analyze various components of urine provides clues into the metabolic, nutritional, and urinary aspects of an individual's well-being. By integrating urinalysis into a holistic diagnostic approach, healthcare practitioners can obtain a detailed view of the patient's health, considering the interconnected nature of the human body. This comprehensive analysis not only aids in the early detection and management of health issues but also guides personalized care. Integrating urinalysis into the diagnostic framework of medicine is important for achieving better patient outcomes, as it allows for tailored and proactive healthcare strategies based on a thorough understanding of the individual's unique health profile.

The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

1. Anderson, S. (2022, September 14). This is What Happens to Your Body When You are Dehydrated. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/this-is-what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-are-dehydrated

2. Christie, J. (2023, November 24). Burning Fat, Controlling Diabetes: The Ketosis Connection. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/burning-fat-controlling-diabetes-the-ketosis-connection

3. Cloyd, J. (2023, February 21). The Benefits of Incorporating Specialty Lab Testing in Your Integrative Medicine Clinic. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-benefits-of-incorporating-specialty-lab-testing-in-your-integrative-medicine-clinic

4. Cloyd, J. (2023, May 4). A Functional Medicine Protocol for Epilepsy: Testing, Supplements, and Nutrition. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-protocol-for-epilepsy

5. Cloyd, J. (2023, June 14). A Complementary and Integrative Medicine Approach to Reoccurring UTIs: Specialty Testing, Supplements, and Nutrition Options. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-complementary-and-integrative-med-approach-to-reoccurring-utis-testing-supplements-and-nutrition-options

6. Cloyd, J. (2023, September 15). Top Labs To Run Bi-Annually On Your Patients Who Suffer From Kidney Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/top-labs-to-run-bi-annually-on-your-patients-who-suffer-from-kidney-disease

7. Cloyd, J. (2024, January 8). The Science of Hydration: How Water Intake Affects Overall Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-science-of-hydration-how-water-intake-affects-overall-health

8. Cloyd, J. (2024, January 17). HbA1c Testing: A Crucial Tool for Diabetes Management in Functional Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/hba1c-testing-a-crucial-tool-for-diabetes-management-in-functional-medicine

9. Cox, A. D. (2023, January 23). The 5 Most Commonly Ordered Functional Medicine Lab Tests. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-5-most-commonly-ordered-functional-medicine-lab-tests

10. Delanghe, J., & Speeckaert, M. (2014). Preanalytical requirements of urinalysis. Biochemia Medica, 24(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2014.011Diet Review: Ketogenic Diet for Weight Loss. (2018). Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-weight/diet-reviews/ketogenic-diet/

11. Greenan, S. (2021, October 22). How Functional Medicine Providers Look at "Optimal" Lab Values. Www.rupahealth.com. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-functional-medicine-provider-look-at-optimal-lab-ranges

12. Greenan, S. (2021, November 19). What is Functional Medicine? How Do I Find A Functional Medicine Practitioner? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-is-functional-medicine

13. Khakham, C. (2023, March 28). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Kidney Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-kidney-disease

14. Michigan Medicine Laboratories. (2019). Clean Catch Urine Specimen Collection Instructions. In University of Michigan. https://mlabs.umich.edu/sites/default/files/2020-01/file/prc-cleancatchurine_collection_guidelines.pdf

15. Orbeta, R. (2022, March 11). The Keto Diet and Women's Hormones: A Functional Medicine Approach. Www.rupahealth.com. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-keto-diet-and-womens-hormones-a-functional-medicine-approach

16. Queremel Milani, D. A., & Jialal, I. (2022, May 8). Urinalysis. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557685/Simerville, J. A., Maxted, W. C., & Pahira, J. J. (2005). Urinalysis: A Comprehensive Review. American Family Physician, 71(6), 1153–1162. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0315/p1153.html

17. Sweetnich, J. (2023, April 25). Complementary and Integrative Medicine Approaches to Type 2 Diabetes Management. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/complementary-and-integrative-medicine-approaches-to-type-2-diabetes-management

18. Understanding urine tests. (2019, October 24). PubMed; Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279350/

19. Unlocking the power of urinalysis through automation. (2023, July 25). Medical Buyer. https://www.medicalbuyer.co.in/unlocking-the-power-of-urinalysis-through-automation

20. Urine Culture. (2021, May 11). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22126-urine-culture

21. Water Science School. pH Scale. USGS. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/ph-scale

22. Weinberg, J. L. (2023, March 23). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Kidney Stones. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-kidney-stones

23. Yoshimura, H. (2023, March 23). Why More Medical Professionals are Turning Towards Functional Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/why-more-medical-professionals-are-turning-towards-functional-medicine

24. Yoshimura, H. (2023, May 8). A Functional Medicine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Protocol: Testing, Diagnosing, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-protocol-testing-diagnosing-and-treatment

25. Yoshimura, H. (2023, July 17). Using Functional Medicine As Personalized Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/using-functional-medicine-as-personalized-medicine

Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
See All Magazine Articles
Trusted Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source