Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by relentless nausea and vomiting that can turn a pregnancy into a rollercoaster of discomfort. In the United States, it affects approximately 2% of all pregnancies. The severity of the condition poses considerable treatment challenges and can notably degrade the quality of life for the expectant mother and her family. While typical nausea and vomiting in pregnancy are common, hyperemesis gravidarum takes it to a level that requires more than just routine management; it often necessitates specialized medical intervention to maintain the health of both the mother and the fetus.

In this article, we will discuss what hyperemesis gravidarum is, what causes it, and its most frequent signs and symptoms. We will also discuss the top functional medicine labs and treatments to help treat and manage the condition. 

[signup]

What is Hyperemesis Gravidarum?

​​Hyperemesis gravidarum is a condition in pregnancy characterized by severe, unmanageable vomiting that leads to weight loss and a decrease in bodily fluids. The condition can also result in the presence of ketones in the urine or bloodstream. While there is no universally agreed-upon set of diagnostic criteria for this condition, it's generally considered to be on the extreme end when it comes to nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

What Are The Signs and Symptoms of Hyperemesis Gravidarum?

Hyperemesis gravidarum typically appears around the sixth week of pregnancy and may continue for a variable period—sometimes persisting until childbirth (2): 

Predominant Symptoms:

• Extreme, unrelenting nausea
• Vomiting multiple times each day
• Loss of a significant amount of weight compared to one's weight before becoming pregnant
• Failure to keep down food or even fluids
• Clear signs of being dehydrated
• Feeling off-balance or woozy
• Less frequent urination than usual
• Overwhelming exhaustion
• Occasional loss of consciousness
• Recurrent headaches

Secondary Symptoms:

• Unusually low blood pressure levels
• Increased heart rate
• Skin that appears dry and lacks elasticity
• Cognitive disorientation
• Yellowing of the skin or eyes, which could suggest liver issues
• Development of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

The intensity and persistent nature of these symptoms distinguish hyperemesis gravidarum from the more common morning sickness that many pregnant women experience. Due to its severe and often complicated symptom profile, medical intervention is generally necessary.

What Are The Possible Causes of Hyperemesis Gravidarum?

The underlying cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not definitively known, although it's generally believed that hormonal changes during pregnancy are a primary factor. Elevated levels of the hormone HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), which the body produces in large quantities during pregnancy, are often cited as a cause. The severity of symptoms usually intensifies around the 10-week mark, which is when HCG levels are typically at their highest. Estrogen, another hormone that increases during pregnancy, may also contribute to the symptoms (2). 

Who is at Risk of Developing Hyperemesis Gravidarum?

In terms of risk factors, one should consider a previous experience with hyperemesis gravidarum, carrying multiple babies like twins or triplets, being in your first pregnancy, and a family history of severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum. Other risk factors include a personal history of motion sickness or migraines and a medical condition known as gestational trophoblastic disease, which involves abnormal cell growth in the uterus (2). 

What Are The Potential Complications of Hyperemesis Gravidarum for The Mother and Baby?

Hyperemesis gravidarum can pose serious complications for both the mother and the fetus. For the mother, severe cases may result in dehydration, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies, including a deficiency in vitamin B1 that could lead to Wernicke encephalopathy, a potentially fatal condition. Further complications could include injuries from forceful and frequent vomiting, such as esophageal rupture or pneumothorax, as well as electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia. Additionally, mothers suffering from hyperemesis are at an elevated risk for depression and anxiety during their pregnancy (1,2).

Regarding the fetus, the data on the risk of low birth weight and premature birth is inconclusive. However, the lack of proper nutrition and fluids due to severe vomiting could jeopardize fetal health, potentially leading to conditions like preterm birth or low birth weight. 

Importantly, studies have not demonstrated an increased risk of perinatal or neonatal mortality or congenital anomalies in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum (1,2). 

How Can Functional Medicine Labs Help Support Someone At Risk of Developing Hyperemesis Gravidarum?

Functional medicine labs offer a variety of tests that can help tailor treatment to patients, allowing providers to optimize management strategies.

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP):

This test can help in determining the status of the patient’s electrolyte balance, kidney and liver function, and glucose levels, all of which can be affected in hyperemesis gravidarum (1,2).

Micronutrient Testing

Vomiting can lead to the loss of vital nutrients. This test is especially important to assess levels of B-vitamins, vitamin D, and essential minerals like magnesium and zinc. Deficiencies could exacerbate symptoms or be a sign of malabsorption (1,2).

Hormone Testing

This test can help to evaluate levels of estrogen and other hormones implicated in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. HCG can also be tested, although separately (1,2).

[sginup]

Conventional Treatment for Hyperemesis Gravidarum

The treatment for hyperemesis gravidarum varies based on symptom severity and may range from lifestyle modifications to hospitalization. In mild cases, options include acupressure bands, ginger-based remedies, and bland, frequent meals. Anti-nausea medications like pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and doxylamine may also be advised. For more severe symptoms, treatment can escalate to prescription medications such as promethazine or metoclopramide and even to intravenous fluids or nutrition. Hospitalization may be necessary in extreme cases for tube feeding or total parenteral intravenous nutrition (2).  

Functional Medicine Support for Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Addressing hyperemesis gravidarum effectively calls for a multi-faceted approach that encompasses both conventional medical treatments and integrative therapies. In the sections to follow, we will explore targeted nutritional recommendations designed to mitigate severe symptoms, introduce supplements and herbs that may provide relief, and discuss the potential benefits of complementary modalities such as aromatherapy and acupuncture. 

Nutritional Recommendations for Hyperemesis Gravidarum

For those at risk of developing hyperemesis gravidarum, certain dietary adjustments may be beneficial in reducing the likelihood of severe symptoms. It is advisable to increase the intake of eggs, milk, dairy products, and lean protein sources such as fish and poultry. These foods should be part of a balanced diet that also ensures adequate hydration through water consumption. 

On the other hand, it's recommended to limit or avoid beverages like carbonated drinks, sugary beverages, and coffee. Additionally, the consumption of processed meats and sweets should also be minimized. Such dietary guidelines not only promote general health but may also serve as a preventive strategy against the onset or worsening of hyperemesis gravidarum symptoms. One great diet that focuses on these tenets is the Mediterranean diet. 

Supplements & Herbs for Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Some supplements have been studied for their potential to alleviate symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum or support pregnancy health overall. Vitamin B6 is generally considered safe for pregnant women and has been shown to be effective in appropriate doses. Ginger is another option that has been found to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy without posing risks of malformations or stillbirths. As with any supplement or treatment plan, it's crucial to consult your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.

Complementary and Integrative Medicine for Hyperemesis Gravidarum

In regards to complementary and integrative medicine, various approaches show promise for managing this severe form of nausea and vomiting. Aromatherapy, particularly using lemon essential oil, has been found to offer symptomatic relief. Ginger, when consumed at a dosage of approximately one gram per day for a minimum of four days, also shows significant potential in alleviating symptoms. Quince syrup is another emerging alternative. However, more research is needed to confirm its benefits. Acupuncture and acupressure, especially at the CS6 point, have demonstrated benefits, and low-level nerve stimulation at this point shows promise as well.

[signup]

Summary

In summary, hyperemesis gravidarum is an extreme form of pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting that impacts the quality of life for expectant mothers and poses significant health risks. Although the exact cause remains unclear, it's often associated with hormonal changes and requires specialized medical intervention. Various treatment options exist, ranging from lifestyle adjustments to medications and hospitalization. Complementary and integrative medicine approaches, including aromatherapy and acupuncture, offer promising avenues for symptom management.