Title
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

Medications for Mold Illness: What Works and What Doesn't

Written By

Why This Was Updated?

Our specialists regularly review advancements in health and wellness, ensuring our articles are updated with the newest information as it becomes accessible.
Medically Reviewed by
Dr.
Emilie Wilson
ND, L.Ac.

Mold illness, a type of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS), is a complex condition triggered by exposure to mold and mold-produced toxins called mycotoxins. These toxins can be found in water-damaged buildings, where mold thrives in damp environments.

CIRS causes a persistent inflammatory response that affects multiple body systems, causing symptoms like chronic fatigue, brain fog, respiratory problems, joint pain, and skin irritation.Β 

Medications can support the proper management of mold illness. They can help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms, and some medicines also aid in detoxifying the body by binding and removing mycotoxins. This article will review the most effective medications for treating mold illness, including treatments that help detoxify the body and reduce inflammation.Β 

[signup]

How Mold Illness Affects the Body

Mold illness or CIRS can affect various systems in the body, resulting in a broad spectrum of symptoms that can make diagnosis challenging. These symptoms often develop over time, especially with prolonged exposure to mold or environments that harbor mold spores.

Understanding the Effects of Mold Exposure

People can be exposed to mold and mycotoxins (toxic substances produced by molds, especially in warm, humid, or wet settings) by eating contaminated food. They can also come into contact with them through the skin or by breathing them in.

When someone is exposed to mold, especially in a water-damaged building, the body may inhale or come into contact with mold spores and mycotoxins. The immune system recognizes these substances as threats to sensitive individuals and triggers an inflammatory response.Β 

This inflammation leads to a wide range of symptoms across multiple body systems, including:

These symptoms may persist as long as the mold exposure continues or until the body can effectively eliminate the toxins. Unfortunately, many individuals with mold illness have trouble detoxifying on their own, which is why symptoms can worsen over time.

Why Medication May Be Necessary

The body’s natural detoxification systems, including the liver, large intestine, and kidneys, are designed to remove toxins from the body. However, in cases of mold illness, these systems can become overwhelmed by the constant exposure to mycotoxins. Some individuals, particularly those with genetic predispositions, may have difficulty clearing these toxins, allowing them to accumulate and fuel ongoing inflammation.

Medications are often necessary because they can:

  • Support Detoxification: certain medications, like binders, help trap and remove mycotoxins from the body by preventing them from reabsorbing in the digestive system and re-entering circulation.
  • Reduce Inflammation: anti-inflammatory medications can help alleviate the immune system’s overreaction, relieving symptoms like joint pain, headaches, and respiratory issues.

The body may struggle to recover from mold exposure without proper medical intervention. By using medications to assist with detoxification and inflammation control, patients have a better chance of reducing symptoms and preventing long-term damage.

Effective Medications for Treating Mold Illness

Some medications may provide more benefit for patients with mold illness than others.Β 

Cholestyramine (CSM)

How It Works: Cholestyramine is a pharmaceutical bile acid sequestrant commonly used to treat high cholesterol by binding to excess fats in the digestive system, preventing their absorption. It also binds to mycotoxins in the digestive tract, preventing reabsorption and helping the body eliminate them through the stool. By binding these toxins, CSM helps the body reduce its toxic load.

Benefits: Cholestyramine has been shown to effectively bind mycotoxins such as fumonisins and zearalenone both in vitro and in vivo.Β 

Potential Side Effects: Some people may experience gastrointestinal discomfort, including constipation, bloating, and nausea. Increasing water intake and dietary fiber may help reduce constipation, and symptoms like bloating and dyspepsia can be reduced if cholestyramine is completely suspended in liquid several hours before ingestion.

Activated Charcoal

How It Works: Activated charcoal acts as a binding agent, absorbing mycotoxins and other harmful substances in the digestive system. Like cholestyramine, it prevents these toxins from being reabsorbed and helps remove them from the body. However, activated charcoal is a nonspecific binder, which may also bind essential nutrients, limiting its use in some scenarios.

Benefits: Activated charcoal is often used as an alternative to cholestyramine, particularly for individuals who cannot tolerate CSM. It is an over-the-counter option for detoxifying the body and can help alleviate symptoms like fatigue and brain fog when used in appropriate doses.

Potential Side Effects: Constipation and dehydration are common side effects, so staying well-hydrated is important. Additionally, long-term use may interfere with nutrient absorption, so it should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Nasal Sprays (e.g., BEG Spray)

How They Work: BEG nasal spray contains a combination of two antibiotics (Bactroban, Gentamicin) and the calcium chelator EDTA, which dissolves the protective biofilm coating that mold and bacteria create when colonizing the sinuses. This colonization can exacerbate respiratory symptoms in individuals with mold illness.

BEG nasal spray is used to clear MARCoNS (multiple antibiotic-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci), an antibiotic-resistant staph infection that tends to colonize the sinuses in people with mold and mycotoxin illness and worsen respiratory symptoms like sinus congestion, postnasal drip, allergy symptoms, sinus headaches, and others.

Benefits: nasal antimicrobial treatments can reduce sinus congestion, post-nasal drip, and other respiratory symptoms by directly addressing microbial overgrowth in the nasal passages. They are especially helpful for individuals with persistent sinus infections related to mold exposure.

Potential Side Effects: minor nasal irritation, dryness, or occasional nosebleeds can occur using nasal sprays, but these side effects are typically mild.

Glutathione

How It Works: Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that supports the body’s natural detoxification process. It helps neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress caused by mycotoxins while aiding the liver in processing and eliminating toxins.

Benefits: Glutathione can improve overall detoxification, support immune function, and reduce inflammation, making it a valuable tool for individuals with mold illness. It may also enhance cognitive function and energy levels by supporting mitochondrial function and reducing systemic oxidative stress.

Potential Side Effects: Some people may experience mild side effects like nausea, skin rashes, or headaches, especially when starting glutathione supplements. These effects usually diminish over time.

Medications That May Be Less Effective for Mold Illness

Some medications are less likely to address the cause of mold illness: chronic mold exposure. However, they may still be beneficial for certain patients.

Antibiotics

Why They May Not Work: Mold illness is caused by exposure to mold spores and mycotoxins, which are fungal in nature, not bacterial. Antibiotics target bacterial infections, so they generally do not address the root cause of mold illness.Β 

However, in cases where a secondary bacterial infection (such as a sinus infection) is present alongside mold exposure, antibiotics may be necessary. This is the case with MARCoNS (multiple antibiotic-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci), in which the colonization of these organisms in the sinuses is treated with a nasal spray containing antibiotics. Antibiotics offer little benefit for treating mold illness outside of these specific cases.

Potential Risks: Overusing antibiotics can weaken the immune system, disrupt gut microbiota (the beneficial bacteria in the digestive system), and lead to antibiotic resistance. This disruption can worsen mold-related symptoms, as a healthy gut is critical for detoxification and immune function.Β 

Antihistamines

Why They May Not Work: Antihistamines, commonly used to treat allergy symptoms like sneezing, itching, and sinus congestion, can provide temporary relief from symptoms associated with mold exposure.Β 

However, they do not address the underlying cause of mold illness or help detoxify mycotoxins from the body. While antihistamines can suppress some symptoms, they don’t resolve the inflammation or immune dysregulation that mold exposure causes.

Potential Drawbacks: Antihistamines may mask symptoms, allowing ongoing exposure to mold without addressing the root cause. This can lead to prolonged exposure to mycotoxins, worsening long-term health outcomes. Also, relying on antihistamines can delay proper treatment, allowing mold illness to progress without addressing the real issue.

Anti-Inflammatory Medications

Why They May Not Work: Anti-inflammatory medications reduce the body’s inflammatory response triggered by mold exposure. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen can help manage pain and swelling, while corticosteroids like prednisone are reserved for more severe inflammatory responses.

When They Can Help: These medications relieve joint pain, headaches, and other inflammatory symptoms associated with mold illness. They can also improve quality of life by reducing the immune system’s overactivity.

It’s important to understand that anti-inflammatory medications are used to provide relief from inflammatory symptoms like joint pain and headaches in mold illness. Still, they do not treat the underlying mold toxicity.Β 

Potential Drawbacks: while NSAIDs are generally safe for short-term use, long-term use can lead to gastrointestinal issues like ulcers, as well as liver, cardiovascular, blood, or kidney problems.Β  Corticosteroids, when used over extended periods, can cause weight gain, weakened immune function, and increased risk of infection.

Antifungals (for Internal Use)

When They Might Work: Antifungal medications may be effective in cases where there is confirmed fungal colonization in the body, such as in the sinuses or gastrointestinal tract. This can occur in some individuals with mold illness, where mold or yeast has colonized specific body areas. Antifungals can be an important part of treatment to eliminate colonization in these cases.

Risks of Overuse: internal antifungals are not always necessary for treating mold illness, and their overuse can lead to complications such as liver toxicity and the development of fungal resistance.Β  Long-term or unnecessary use of antifungals can damage the liver, reducing its ability to detoxify the body from mycotoxins. Therefore, antifungals should only be used when fungal colonization is confirmed, and a healthcare provider should carefully monitor their use to avoid adverse effects.

Supportive Treatments for Mold Illness

Supportive treatments include promoting cellular health and a balanced inflammatory response.

Nutritional Supplements

  • Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3’s reduce inflammation in the body, helping to alleviate joint pain and cognitive symptoms caused by mold exposure.
  • Vitamin C: Vitamin C boosts the immune system to help the body fight off infections; its antioxidant function supports detoxification and protects cellular health.

Probiotics

  • Lactobacillus species: These help restore gut health, improve digestion, and support immune function, benefiting patients with mold-related gut issues.
  • Bifidobacterium species: Bifidobacterium enhances detoxification by improving the gut’s ability to process and eliminate toxins, aiding in recovery from mold exposure. They also enhance gut lining recovery and immune function.

IV Therapy

  • Intravenous vitamin C: Provides an antioxidant boost to the immune system, helping patients reduce inflammation markers.
  • Intravenous glutathione: Supports liver health, which may promote detoxification pathways. Proper detoxification is necessary for the removal of mycotoxins and reducing systemic inflammation in patients with severe mold illness.
  • IV nutrient therapies: Essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients support cellular and mitochondrial health, providing critical nutrients to aid in energy production and improve cellular function during the detoxification process. They can also benefit patients with impaired nutrient absorption due to mycotoxin-induced gastrointestinal damage.

When to Seek Medical Guidance for Mold Illness

People living with chronic, widespread symptoms that have not responded as expected to conventional treatments may consider seeking medical guidance.

Recognizing Symptoms That Require Medical Attention

Seek medical help if you experience:

  • Chronic fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest, sleep, or time.
  • Respiratory issues like coughing, wheezing, or sinus congestion, especially in damp environments.
  • Cognitive problems such as brain fog, memory issues, or confusion.
  • Joint pain or headaches that persist.

These symptoms may signal a need for a professional evaluation to address mold exposure.

Consulting with a Specialist

Consult a healthcare provider experienced in mold illness and biotoxin-related diseases, such as those in environmental or functional medicine. Specialists can provide accurate diagnoses and appropriate treatment for complex mold-related conditions.

Creating a Personalized Treatment Plan

A tailored treatment plan based on your symptoms, lab results, and health status is essential for effective recovery. This personalized approach may include detox protocols, medications, and lifestyle changes to target your specific needs.

[signup]

Key Takeaways

  • Effective medications for mold illness include cholestyramine, which binds mycotoxins; glutathione, which supports detoxification; and anti-inflammatory medications, which may help reduce symptoms like joint pain and headaches.
  • While some medications, like antibiotics or antihistamines, may not address the root cause, combining detoxification agents and anti-inflammatories can significantly improve symptoms and health outcomes.
  • Mold illness requires medical supervision, and a personalized treatment plan tailored to individual symptoms and lab results is essential for successful recovery.

Additional Resources

Surviving Mold - A comprehensive resource by Dr. Shoemaker on mold illness, including diagnosis, treatment protocols, and patient stories.

The International Society for Environmentally Acquired Illness (ISEAI) - Offers educational resources for patients and practitioners on mold-related illnesses.

The ISEAI also offers a list of practitioners, resources, and support for those suffering from environmentally acquired illnesses, including mold toxicity.

‍Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Information on mold prevention, health impacts, and guidance on how to deal with mold contamination.

The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

No lab tests!

Adarsh CK. (2024). Intravenous Glutathione: A Promising Therapy for the Alcoholic Liver Disease. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 12(03), 05-16. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v12i03.02

Averill-Bates D. A. (2023). The antioxidant glutathione. Vitamins and hormones, 121, 109–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2022.09.002

Banin, E., Brady, K. M., & Greenberg, E. P. (2006). Chelator-Induced Dispersal and Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells in a Biofilm. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(3), 2064–2069. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.3.2064-2069.2006

Brewer, J. H., Thrasher, J. D., & Hooper, D. (2013). Chronic illness associated with mold and mycotoxins: is naso-sinus fungal biofilm the culprit?. Toxins, 6(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6010066

Brewer, J., Thrasher, J., Straus, D., Madison, R., & Hooper, D. (2013). Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Toxins, 5(4), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5040605

Bush, R. K., Portnoy, J. M., Saxon, A., Terr, A. I., & Wood, R. A. (2006). The medical effects of mold exposure. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117(2), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.001

Carnahan, J. Struggling With Mystery Symptoms? Toxic Mold Might be the Culprit - Part I. (2023, September 19). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/struggling-with-mystery-symptoms-toxic-mold-might-be-the-culprit-part-1-3-mold-toxicity-series-with-dr-jill-carnahanΒ 

Carnahan, J. Struggling With Mystery Symptoms? Toxic Mold Might be the Culprit - Part II. (2023, September 19). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/dealing-with-mold-toxicity-and-cirs-6-tips-to-help-you-thrive-part-2-3-mold-toxicity-series-with-dr-jill-carnahanΒ 

Carnahan, J. Struggling With Mystery Symptoms? Toxic Mold Might be the Culprit - Part III. (2023, September 19). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/diving-into-the-low-mold-diet-guidelines-and-steps-for-success-part-3-3-mold-toxicity-series-with-dr-jill-carnahanΒ 

Cholestyramine Resin: MedlinePlus Drug Information. (n.d.). Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682672.html

Cloyd, J. (2023, April 6). Functional Medicine Histamine Intolerance Support Protocol. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-histamine-intolerance-support-protocolΒ 

Cloyd, J. 4 Functional Medicine Labs to Help Support The Gut Following Antibiotic Treatment. (2023, May 3). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/4-functional-medicine-labs-to-help-support-the-gut-following-antibiotic-treatmentΒ 

Cloyd, J. (2023, May 17). A Functional Medicine Constipation Protocol: Testing, Nutrition, and Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-constipation-protocol-testing-nutrition-and-supplementsΒ 

Cloyd, J. (2023, March 7). An integrative medicine approach to fatigue. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-fatigueΒ 

Cloyd, J. (2022, August 17). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Rheumatology. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/6-common-types-of-arthritis

Cloyd J. The Science of Hydration: How Water Intake Affects Overall Health. Rupa Health. Published January 8, 2024. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-science-of-hydration-how-water-intake-affects-overall-healthΒ 

Cloyd, J. (2023, October 18). The Top 6 Essential Health Benefits of Magnesium That You Should Know. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-top-6-therapeutic-uses-of-magnesium-you-need-to-knowΒ 

Cuciureanu MD, Vink R. Magnesium and stress. In: Vink R, Nechifor M, editors. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System [Internet]. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507250/

Dentico, P., Volpe, A., Buongiorno, R., Grattagliano, I., Altomare, E., Tantimonaco, G., Scotto, G., Sacco, R., & Schiraldi, O. (1995). Il glutatione nella terapia delle epatopatie croniche steatosiche [Glutathione in the treatment of chronic fatty liver diseases]. Recenti progressi in medicina, 86(7-8), 290–293.

Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). PubMed. Published May 1, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742/

Henry, E. The Hidden Health Dangers Of Mycotoxins In Mold. Rupa Health. Published September 27, 2021. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/mycotoxins-101Β 

Hodgens A, Sharman T. Corticosteroids. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554612/

Kraft, S., Buchenauer, L., & Polte, T. (2021). Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(22), 12269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212269

LaTouche L. (2023). Clinical Utility of Probiotics Therapy in Managing Mycotoxin Illness. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), 22(4), 12–14.

Liew, W. P., & Mohd-Redzwan, S. (2018). Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 8, 60. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060

McKeny PT, Nessel TA, Zito PM. Antifungal Antibiotics. [Updated 2023 Mar 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538168/

Mikirova, N., Rogers, A., Casciari, J., & Taylor, P. (2012). Effect of high dose intravenous ascorbic acid on the level of inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Modern Research in Inflammation, 01(02), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.4236/mri.2012.12004

Moore, A., & Khanna, D. (2023). The Role of Vitamin C in Human Immunity and Its Treatment Potential Against COVID-19: A Review Article. Cureus, 15(1), e33740. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33740

Neal G. E. (1995). Genetic implications in the metabolism and toxicity of mycotoxins. Toxicology letters, 82-83, 861–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03600-8

Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplements for Primary Mitochondrial Disorders. (n.d.). Ods.od.nih.gov. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PrimaryMitochondrialDisorders-HealthProfessional/

Peraica, M., & Domijan, A. M. (2001). Contamination of food with mycotoxins and human health. Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 52(1), 23–35.

Pizzorno J. (2014). Glutathione!. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), 13(1), 8–12.

Preston, J. Integrative Approach to Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS). (2024, February 1). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-approach-to-chronic-inflammatory-response-syndrome-cirsΒ 

Rastogi, S., & Singh, A. (2022). Gut microbiome and human health: Exploring how the probiotic genus Lactobacillus modulate immune responses. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1042189

Riaz S, John S. Cholestyramine Resin. [Updated 2023 May 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534089/

Rockwell, W. (2005, February 1). Dermatitis caused by indoor mold exposure. JACI Online; The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(04)03374-3/fulltext

Ryan, J. C., Wu, Q., & Shoemaker, R. C. (2015). Transcriptomic signatures in whole blood of patients who acquire a chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) following an exposure to the marine toxin ciguatoxin. BMC Medical Genomics, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-015-0089-x

Shoemaker, R. C., House, D., & Ryan, J. C. (2013). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) corrects chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) acquired following exposure to water-damaged buildings. Health, 05(03), 396–401. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.53053

Sitohang, I. B. S., Anwar, A. I., Jusuf, N. K., Arimuko, A., Norawati, L., & Veronica, S. (2021). Evaluating Oral Glutathione Plus Ascorbic Acid, Alpha-lipoic Acid, and Zinc Aspartate as a Skin-lightening Agent: An Indonesian Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 14(7), E53–E58.

Solfrizzo, M., Visconti, A., Avantaggiato, G. et al. In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine as a binding agent for fumonisins. Mycopathologia 151, 147–153 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017999013702

Sweetnich J. How to make sure your patients are getting enough vitamin C in their diet: Understanding testing, rdas, and the benefits of supplementation. Rupa Health. Published May 9, 2023. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-c-101Β 

Cloyd, J. (2023, July 5). The Role of the Liver and Gut in Detoxification and How to Support Them With Integrative Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-role-of-the-liver-gut-in-detoxification-and-how-to-support-it-with-integrative-medicineΒ 

Tuuminen, T., & Rinne, K. S. (2017). Severe Sequelae to Mold-Related Illness as Demonstrated in Two Finnish Cohorts. Frontiers in immunology, 8, 382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00382

β€ŒWorld Health Organization. (2023, October 2). Mycotoxins. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins

Wypych, T. P., & Marsland, B. J. (2018). Antibiotics as Instigators of Microbial Dysbiosis: Implications for Asthma and Allergy. Trends in Immunology, 39(9), 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2018.02.008

Yoshimura, H. (2023, October 10). A Root Cause Medicine Approach to Chronic Inflammation. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-root-cause-medicine-approach-to-chronic-inflammationΒ 

Yoshimura, H. (2023, March 3). A Functional Medicine Approach to Sinusitis. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-sinusitisΒ 

Yoshimura, H. (2023, December 20). Functional Medicine for Mental Clarity: Combating Brain Fog Naturally. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-for-mental-clarity-combating-brain-fog-naturallyΒ 

Zivkovic, A. M., Telis, N., German, J. B., & Hammock, B. D. (2011). Dietary omega-3 fatty acids aid in the modulation of inflammation and metabolic health. California agriculture, 65(3), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v065n03p106

Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
See All Magazine Articles
Trusted Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source