Title
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

B-Complex Vitamins 101: Enhancing Energy and Endocrine Function in Root Cause Medicine Care

Why This Was Updated?

Our specialists regularly review advancements in health and wellness, ensuring our articles are updated with the newest information as it becomes accessible.
Medically Reviewed by

Micronutrients play a pivotal role in maintaining optimal health, especially within the framework of integrative care practices that emphasize a holistic approach. Among these micronutrients, B-complex vitamins stand out as essential contributors to energy production and endocrine function. If you want to enhance energy levels and hormonal balance, then B vitamins may be indicated for you!

[signup]

Overview of B-Complex Vitamins

The B complex vitamins are a group of eight water-soluble nutrients that play pivotal roles in various physiological functions, contributing to energy metabolism, neurological health, and cellular processes. Each B vitamin possesses unique functions and dietary sources.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Vitamin B1, or thiamin, exists in the body in free and phosphorylated forms. Its primary form, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), also called thiamin diphosphate (TDP), is required as a coenzyme for reactions involved in glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Thiamin is also important to maintain the health of the nervous system and muscle function. The body has limited thiamine stores, so it is important to meet the recommended daily intake through diet to prevent deficiency. Severe thiamin deficiency manifests as beriberi, which manifests as symptoms including mental confusion, muscle wasting, fluid retention, difficulty walking, and heart disturbances. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains (breads, cereals), meat, and fish. (44)

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is the precursor of the coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which act as electron carriers in reactions involved in energy production, antioxidant systems, and the metabolism of iron, vitamin B6, and folate. Riboflavin-rich foods include eggs, organ and lean meats, milk, and fortified grains and cereals. (31)

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B3, or niacin, can be made endogenously by the body from tryptophan. Niacin functions as a component in the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are required by over 400 enzymes. Niacin-containing enzymes play an important role in energy production; fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism; antioxidant systems; cholesterol synthesis; and the production of sex and adrenal hormones. Severe niacin deficiency can result in a disease called pellagra, characterized by a rough, pigmented rash on sun-exposed skin, a bright red tongue, digestive upset, and neurological symptoms. Niacin is found naturally in a wide variety of animal- and plant-based foods. (21)

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Pantothenic acid, or vitamin B5, gets its name from the Greek root pantos, meaning "everywhere," because it is available in a wide variety of foods. Almost all animal- and plant-based foods contain at least some pantothenic acid. Beef, chicken, organ meats, and whole grains are some of the richest dietary sources. Pantothenic acid is essential for life because it is a precursor to coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein, central to biochemical pathways involved in metabolism and energy production.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Vitamin B6, or pyridoxine, is the collective name for the six compounds with vitamin B6 activity. Pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5' phosphate (PMP) are the active coenzyme forms of vitamin B6, involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and the formation of proteins, neurotransmitters, red blood cells, and prostaglandins. Vitamin B6 is also important in maintaining hormonal balance and immune function. Because the body cannot make vitamin B6, it must be acquired through dietary sources, such as fish, liver, starchy vegetables, and non-citrus fruits. (47)

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Biotin, or vitamin B7, is an essential cofactor for five carboxylase enzymes. Biotin-dependent carboxylases are involved in metabolizing sugars, fats, and amino acids. Biotin is also involved in DNA replication, gene regulation, and cell signaling by modifying histones, which are structural DNA proteins.

Foods that contain the most biotin include organ meats, eggs, fish, meat, nuts, seeds, and sweet potatoes. A protein in raw egg white, called avidin, binds biotin and prevents its absorption. Cooking denatures avidin to ensure it does not interfere with biotin absorption. Commensal gut bacteria also synthesize biotin; however, it is unknown if humans absorb meaningful amounts of colonic-derived biotin. (4)

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Folate, formerly called folacin, is the generic term for naturally occurring dietary folate and its synthetic form (folic acid), which is used in dietary supplements and fortified foods. Folate plays a critical role in DNA synthesis and cellular division. Low folate status is linked to anemia, neural tube defects, elevated homocysteine (associated with increased cardiovascular risk), and increased cancer risk. (14)

The word folate is derived from the Latin word for leaf – folium – because it is found naturally in dark, leafy green vegetables in high amounts. Other folate-containing foods include fruits, nuts, beans, peas, seafood, eggs, dairy, meat, and grains. (15)

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is unique because its structure contains the metal ion cobalt – hence, its name. Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the metabolically active forms of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 has important roles in the development and function of the central nervous system, DNA synthesis, red blood cell (RBC) formation, and homocysteine metabolism. (49)

Vitamin B12 is found naturally in animal-based foods, including fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy. Plant foods do not naturally contain vitamin B12, so vegetarians and vegans are at higher risk of deficiency. (50)

Role of B-Complex Vitamins in Energy Production

Although B vitamins do not directly provide energy to the body, they collectively act as cofactors for various enzymes involved in energy metabolism, participating in the breakdown of macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. As discussed above, the B vitamins facilitate the conversion of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into cellular energy (ATP). (3)

Inadequate B vitamin levels can compromise the efficiency of metabolic pathways, hindering the body's ability to extract energy from nutrients. Deficiencies in these B vitamins can disrupt energy production, muscle health, and neurological function, manifesting as depression, fatigue, weakness, and decreased exercise tolerance. Research shows that supplementation with B vitamins improves exercise tolerance, chronic fatigue, and cognitive performance.

B-Complex Vitamins and Endocrine Function

The endocrine system consists of glandular tissues and their related hormones that regulate physiologic processes in the body, including blood sugar control, growth and development, metabolism, and energy production. The gonads (ovaries and testes), thyroid, and adrenal glands are major constituents of the endocrine system that can profoundly influence energy levels.

Thyroid

B vitamins are cofactors for synthesizing and converting thyroid hormones, essential for regulating metabolism. Thyroid dysfunction often presents with fatigue as a primary symptom. Research has indicated a link between B vitamin deficiency, especially vitamins B2, B9, and B12, with thyroid dysfunction. Deficiencies in these B vitamins correlate to increased serum TSH (a sign of hypothyroidism) and elevations in anti-TPO and anti-TG (correlated to autoimmune thyroid disease).

Adrenals

B-complex vitamins, particularly B5 and B6, play crucial roles in supporting the adrenal glands, which are central to the body's stress response. CoA is involved in synthesizing adrenal hormones, including cortisol – one of the primary stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Studies show that B5 supports a balanced cortisol response and prevents excessive production of cortisol during stressful events. (25)

Stress is one factor that can lead to neurotransmitter imbalances, resulting in symptoms like depressed mood and anxious thoughts. Vitamin B6 is one of the critical cofactors for synthesizing GABA, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, which influence energy, motivation, and mood.

Because of the body's increased demand for cortisol, chronic stress can deplete B vitamin levels, creating a cycle where stress exacerbates nutritional deficiencies, further affecting the body's ability to manage stress. This interconnected relationship underscores the significance of B-complex vitamins in supporting the adrenal glands during stressful periods. One study found that supplementing vitamin B6 with magnesium significantly reduces perceived stress levels. (https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-stress-management)Β 

Reproductive Hormones

B vitamins serve as essential cofactors in the intricate biochemical reactions involved in the synthesis and metabolism of sex hormones, playing a pivotal role in maintaining hormonal balance (19, 22, 23). Vitamin B6, in particular, has been studied for its potential to mitigate symptoms related to hormonal imbalance, such as premenstrual symptoms. Furthermore, research has indicated that B vitamins, including B12, may positively impact fertility outcomes in both men and women, emphasizing their role in reproductive health.Β 

Assessing B-Vitamin Needs in Patients

Assessing B vitamin needs in patients involves a combination of laboratory tests and clinical evaluation to assess nutritional status and identify potential deficiencies.

B vitamin levels can be measured with individual blood tests:

Alternatively, a micronutrient test, such as that offered by SpectraCell Laboratories, measures essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, including all B vitamins, to comprehensively assess nutritional status and detect deficiencies.

Clinical evaluations can be equally important to assess signs of clinical manifestations associated with B vitamin inadequacies. Fatigue, weakness, cognitive disturbances, and mood changes can indicate B vitamin inadequacies. Changes in hair, skin, and nails or swelling of the tongue can also indicate a B vitamin deficiency. A patient's dietary habits, lifestyle, and medical history are critical considerations to ask patients about. For example, individuals with conditions affecting nutrient absorption, such as celiac disease or certain medications interfering with B-vitamin metabolism, may be at higher risk of deficiencies.

[signup]

Integrative Care Approach to B-Vitamin Supplementation

B-complex vitamin supplementation can play an important role in holistic treatment plans. Integration begins with a thorough assessment of an individual's health, including laboratory tests, clinical evaluations, and consideration of lifestyle factors. This helps identify specific B-vitamin deficiencies or imbalances contributing to health issues. Targeted B-complex formulations can then be recommended based on individual health assessments and nutritional needs. For instance, patients with stress-related symptoms may benefit from higher doses of B5 and B6 to support adrenal health, while those with reproductive health concerns might require additional B6, B9, and B12.

Integrating B-complex vitamin supplementation also involves considering nutrient synergy and interactions. For example, other co-factors like magnesium or zinc may enhance the effectiveness of B vitamins. Moreover, ongoing monitoring and adjustments are essential, as individual responses to supplementation can vary.

Potential Interactions and Considerations

B vitamins can sometimes interfere with certain medications or other nutrients. For instance, vitamin B6 can interact with certain medications, including those for epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it's crucial for individuals taking medications to consult with healthcare professionals before introducing B-complex supplements.

Consideration of recommended dosages is essential to avoid potential side effects. While B vitamins are water-soluble and generally considered safe, excessive intake can lead to adverse effects. For instance, high doses of B6 over an extended period may result in neurological symptoms. Another example is niacin, which can cause "niacin flush" in doses of over 50 mg. Therefore, consulting healthcare professionals for personalized guidance based on individual health needs is important.

[signup]

B-Complex Vitamins for Energy and Endocrine Function

B-complex vitamins play multifaceted roles in promoting health, with key contributions to energy production and supporting endocrine function by acting as critical biochemical cofactors. Personalized strategies for supplementing with B vitamins are essential based on comprehensive health assessments. Acknowledging the interconnectedness of various factors, such as lifestyle and medication interactions, ensures the safe and effective integration of B-complex vitamins into treatment plans.

Micronutrients play a pivotal role in maintaining optimal health, especially within the framework of integrative care practices that emphasize a holistic approach. Among these micronutrients, B-complex vitamins stand out as essential contributors to energy production and endocrine function. If you want to support energy levels and hormonal balance, then B vitamins may be helpful for you!

[signup]

Overview of B-Complex Vitamins

The B complex vitamins are a group of eight water-soluble nutrients that play pivotal roles in various physiological functions, contributing to energy metabolism, neurological health, and cellular processes. Each B vitamin possesses unique functions and dietary sources.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Vitamin B1, or thiamin, exists in the body in free and phosphorylated forms. Its primary form, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), also called thiamin diphosphate (TDP), is required as a coenzyme for reactions involved in glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Thiamin is also important to maintain the health of the nervous system and muscle function. The body has limited thiamine stores, so it is important to meet the recommended daily intake through diet to support overall health. Severe thiamin deficiency can lead to symptoms such as mental confusion, muscle wasting, fluid retention, difficulty walking, and heart disturbances. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains (breads, cereals), meat, and fish. (44)

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is the precursor of the coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which act as electron carriers in reactions involved in energy production, antioxidant systems, and the metabolism of iron, vitamin B6, and folate. Riboflavin-rich foods include eggs, organ and lean meats, milk, and fortified grains and cereals. (31)

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B3, or niacin, can be made endogenously by the body from tryptophan. Niacin functions as a component in the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are required by over 400 enzymes. Niacin-containing enzymes play an important role in energy production; fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism; antioxidant systems; cholesterol synthesis; and the production of sex and adrenal hormones. Severe niacin deficiency can result in a condition called pellagra, characterized by a rough, pigmented rash on sun-exposed skin, a bright red tongue, digestive upset, and neurological symptoms. Niacin is found naturally in a wide variety of animal- and plant-based foods. (21)

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Pantothenic acid, or vitamin B5, gets its name from the Greek root pantos, meaning "everywhere," because it is available in a wide variety of foods. Almost all animal- and plant-based foods contain at least some pantothenic acid. Beef, chicken, organ meats, and whole grains are some of the richest dietary sources. Pantothenic acid is essential for life because it is a precursor to coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein, central to biochemical pathways involved in metabolism and energy production.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Vitamin B6, or pyridoxine, is the collective name for the six compounds with vitamin B6 activity. Pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5' phosphate (PMP) are the active coenzyme forms of vitamin B6, involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and the formation of proteins, neurotransmitters, red blood cells, and prostaglandins. Vitamin B6 is also important in maintaining hormonal balance and immune function. Because the body cannot make vitamin B6, it must be acquired through dietary sources, such as fish, liver, starchy vegetables, and non-citrus fruits. (47)

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Biotin, or vitamin B7, is an essential cofactor for five carboxylase enzymes. Biotin-dependent carboxylases are involved in metabolizing sugars, fats, and amino acids. Biotin is also involved in DNA replication, gene regulation, and cell signaling by modifying histones, which are structural DNA proteins.

Foods that contain the most biotin include organ meats, eggs, fish, meat, nuts, seeds, and sweet potatoes. A protein in raw egg white, called avidin, binds biotin and prevents its absorption. Cooking denatures avidin to ensure it does not interfere with biotin absorption. Commensal gut bacteria also synthesize biotin; however, it is unknown if humans absorb meaningful amounts of colonic-derived biotin. (4)

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Folate, formerly called folacin, is the generic term for naturally occurring dietary folate and its synthetic form (folic acid), which is used in dietary supplements and fortified foods. Folate plays a critical role in DNA synthesis and cellular division. Low folate status is linked to anemia, neural tube defects, elevated homocysteine (associated with increased cardiovascular risk), and increased cancer risk. (14)

The word folate is derived from the Latin word for leaf – folium – because it is found naturally in dark, leafy green vegetables in high amounts. Other folate-containing foods include fruits, nuts, beans, peas, seafood, eggs, dairy, meat, and grains. (15)

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is unique because its structure contains the metal ion cobalt – hence, its name. Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the metabolically active forms of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 has important roles in the development and function of the central nervous system, DNA synthesis, red blood cell (RBC) formation, and homocysteine metabolism. (49)

Vitamin B12 is found naturally in animal-based foods, including fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy. Plant foods do not naturally contain vitamin B12, so vegetarians and vegans are at higher risk of deficiency. (50)

Role of B-Complex Vitamins in Energy Production

Although B vitamins do not directly provide energy to the body, they collectively act as cofactors for various enzymes involved in energy metabolism, participating in the breakdown of macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. As discussed above, the B vitamins facilitate the conversion of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into cellular energy (ATP). (3)

Inadequate B vitamin levels can compromise the efficiency of metabolic pathways, hindering the body's ability to extract energy from nutrients. Deficiencies in these B vitamins can disrupt energy production, muscle health, and neurological function, manifesting as depression, fatigue, weakness, and decreased exercise tolerance. Research shows that supplementation with B vitamins may help improve exercise tolerance, chronic fatigue, and cognitive performance.

B-Complex Vitamins and Endocrine Function

The endocrine system consists of glandular tissues and their related hormones that regulate physiologic processes in the body, including blood sugar control, growth and development, metabolism, and energy production. The gonads (ovaries and testes), thyroid, and adrenal glands are major constituents of the endocrine system that can profoundly influence energy levels.

Thyroid

B vitamins are cofactors for synthesizing and converting thyroid hormones, essential for regulating metabolism. Thyroid dysfunction often presents with fatigue as a primary symptom. Research has indicated a link between B vitamin deficiency, especially vitamins B2, B9, and B12, with thyroid dysfunction. Deficiencies in these B vitamins correlate to increased serum TSH (a sign of hypothyroidism) and elevations in anti-TPO and anti-TG (correlated to autoimmune thyroid disease).

Adrenals

B-complex vitamins, particularly B5 and B6, play crucial roles in supporting the adrenal glands, which are central to the body's stress response. CoA is involved in synthesizing adrenal hormones, including cortisol – one of the primary stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Studies show that B5 may support a balanced cortisol response and help manage cortisol production during stressful events. (25)

Stress is one factor that can lead to neurotransmitter imbalances, resulting in symptoms like depressed mood and anxious thoughts. Vitamin B6 is one of the critical cofactors for synthesizing GABA, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, which influence energy, motivation, and mood.

Because of the body's increased demand for cortisol, chronic stress can deplete B vitamin levels, creating a cycle where stress exacerbates nutritional deficiencies, further affecting the body's ability to manage stress. This interconnected relationship underscores the significance of B-complex vitamins in supporting the adrenal glands during stressful periods. One study found that supplementing vitamin B6 with magnesium may help reduce perceived stress levels. (https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-stress-management)Β 

Reproductive Hormones

B vitamins serve as essential cofactors in the intricate biochemical reactions involved in the synthesis and metabolism of sex hormones, playing a pivotal role in maintaining hormonal balance (19, 22, 23). Vitamin B6, in particular, has been studied for its potential to help manage symptoms related to hormonal imbalance, such as premenstrual symptoms. Furthermore, research has indicated that B vitamins, including B12, may positively impact fertility outcomes in both men and women, emphasizing their role in reproductive health.Β 

Assessing B-Vitamin Needs in Patients

Assessing B vitamin needs in patients involves a combination of laboratory tests and clinical evaluation to assess nutritional status and identify potential deficiencies.

B vitamin levels can be measured with individual blood tests:

Alternatively, a micronutrient test, such as that offered by SpectraCell Laboratories, measures essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, including all B vitamins, to comprehensively assess nutritional status and detect deficiencies.

Clinical evaluations can be equally important to assess signs of clinical manifestations associated with B vitamin inadequacies. Fatigue, weakness, cognitive disturbances, and mood changes can indicate B vitamin inadequacies. Changes in hair, skin, and nails or swelling of the tongue can also indicate a B vitamin deficiency. A patient's dietary habits, lifestyle, and medical history are critical considerations to ask patients about. For example, individuals with conditions affecting nutrient absorption, such as celiac disease or certain medications interfering with B-vitamin metabolism, may be at higher risk of deficiencies.

[signup]

Integrative Care Approach to B-Vitamin Supplementation

B-complex vitamin supplementation can play an important role in holistic treatment plans. Integration begins with a thorough assessment of an individual's health, including laboratory tests, clinical evaluations, and consideration of lifestyle factors. This helps identify specific B-vitamin deficiencies or imbalances contributing to health issues. Targeted B-complex formulations can then be recommended based on individual health assessments and nutritional needs. For instance, patients with stress-related symptoms may benefit from higher doses of B5 and B6 to support adrenal health, while those with reproductive health concerns might require additional B6, B9, and B12.

Integrating B-complex vitamin supplementation also involves considering nutrient synergy and interactions. For example, other co-factors like magnesium or zinc may enhance the effectiveness of B vitamins. Moreover, ongoing monitoring and adjustments are essential, as individual responses to supplementation can vary.

Potential Interactions and Considerations

B vitamins can sometimes interfere with certain medications or other nutrients. For instance, vitamin B6 can interact with certain medications, including those for epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it's crucial for individuals taking medications to consult with healthcare professionals before introducing B-complex supplements.

Consideration of recommended dosages is essential to avoid potential side effects. While B vitamins are water-soluble and generally considered safe, excessive intake can lead to adverse effects. For instance, high doses of B6 over an extended period may result in neurological symptoms. Another example is niacin, which can cause "niacin flush" in doses of over 50 mg. Therefore, consulting healthcare professionals for personalized guidance based on individual health needs is important.

[signup]

B-Complex Vitamins for Energy and Endocrine Function

B-complex vitamins play multifaceted roles in promoting health, with key contributions to energy production and supporting endocrine function by acting as critical biochemical cofactors. Personalized strategies for supplementing with B vitamins are essential based on comprehensive health assessments. Acknowledging the interconnectedness of various factors, such as lifestyle and medication interactions, ensures the safe and effective integration of B-complex vitamins into treatment plans.

The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

  1. Agbalalah, T., Robert, F. O., & Amabebe, E. (2023). Impact of vitamin B12 on the reproductive health of women with sickle cell disease: a narrative review. Reproduction & Fertility, 4(3), e230015. https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-23-0015
  2. Bager, P., Hvas, C. L., Rud, C. L., et al. (2021). Randomised clinical trial: high-dose oral thiamine versus placebo for chronic fatigue in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 53(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16166
  3. Bertagna, B. (2024, January 8). Can B Vitamins Supercharge Your Energy Levels? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/can-b-vitamins-supercharge-your-energy-levels
  4. Biotin. Office of Dietary Supplements; NIH. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/#h3
  5. Biotin. (2014, April 22). Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/biotin#bacterial-synthesis
  6. Christie, J. (2023, February 15). Testing B Vitamin Levels: What You Need to Know. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/testing-b-vitamin-levels-what-you-need-to-know
  7. Cloyd, J. (2023, February 3). 7 Lab Test to Help Rule Out B12 Anemia. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/10-symptoms-of-b12-anemia
  8. Cloyd, J. (2023, February 6). Folate Deficiency Anemia 101: Symptoms, Lab Testing, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/folate-deficiency-anemia-overview-symptoms-lab-testing-diagnosis-and-treatment
  9. Cloyd, J. (2023, October 2). A Functional Medicine Approach to Stress Management. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-stress-management
  10. Cloyd, J. (2023, November 22). Functional Folate: Advanced Testing for MTHFR and Methylation Pathways. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-folate-advanced-testing-for-mthfr-and-methylation-pathways
  11. Coenzyme A. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/coenzyme-a
  12. DeCesaris, L. (2022, August 8). Worried About Your Thyroid Health? Ask Your Doctor For These 3 Thyroid Labs. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/treating-the-thyroid-naturally
  13. Diorio, B. (2022, August 11). If You Experience Anxiety, GI Discomfort, or Irritability You May Have A Neurotransmitter Imbalance. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-understanding-neurotransmitters-101
  14. Folate. (2014, April 22). Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/folate
  15. Folate. (2022, November 30). Office of Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
  16. Folic Acid for a Healthy Baby. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/folic-acid-for-a-healthy-baby
  17. Kresge, K. (2023, February 21). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Depression. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-depression
  18. Krishnamurthy, H. K., Reddy, S., Jayaraman, V., et al. (2021). Effect of Micronutrients on Thyroid Parameters. Journal of Thyroid Research, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1865483
  19. LoBisco, S. (2022, November 16). Progesterone Imbalance: Signs & Treatments. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/progesterone-imbalance-signs-treatments
  20. MICRONUTRIENT EXAM: CLINICAL INTERPRETATION OF NUTRITION FOCUSED PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS 10. https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/archive/images/SO17p.22_Tablelg.pdf
  21. Niacin. (2017). Office of Dietary Supplements; NIH. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/#h8
  22. Nutrient Correlation Chart on Testosterone. SpectraCell. Retrieved January 30, 2024, from https://www.spectracell.com/blog/posts/bid-88027-nutrient-correlation-chart-on-testosterone
  23. Nutrient Correlation Wheel on Estrogen. SpectraCell. Retrieved January 30, 2024, from https://www.spectracell.com/blog/posts/bid-87780-nutrient-correlation-wheel-on-estrogen
  24. Overview of the Endocrine System. (2015, July 6). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/endocrine-disruption/overview-endocrine-system
  25. Pantethine. ScienceDirect. Retrieved January 30, 2024, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/pantethine
  26. Pantothenic Acid. Office of Dietary Supplements; NIH. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-HealthProfessional/#h5
  27. Pouteau, E., Kabir-Ahmadi, M., Noah, L., et al. (2018). Superiority of magnesium and vitamin B6 over magnesium alone on severe stress in healthy adults with low magnesemia: A randomized, single-blind clinical trial. PLOS ONE, 13(12), e0208454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208454
  28. Preston, J. (2023, September 13). A Functional Medicine Protocol for Fatigue: Lab Testing, Nutrition, and Helpful Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-protocol-for-fatigue-lab-testing-nutrition-and-helpful-supplements
  29. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6): Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning. (2019). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-934/pyridoxine-vitamin-b6
  30. Riboflavin. Office of Dietary Supplements; NIH. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/#h7
  31. Riboflavin. (2014, April 22). Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/riboflavin
  32. Sato, K. (2018). Why is vitamin B6 effective in alleviating the symptoms of autism? Medical Hypotheses, 115, 103–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.007
  33. Stough, C., Simpson, T., Lomas, J., et al. (2014). Reducing occupational stress with a B-vitamin focussed intervention: a randomized clinical trial: study protocol. Nutrition Journal, 13(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-122
  34. Suzuki, M., & Itokawa, Y. (1996). Effects of thiamine supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue. Metabolic Brain Disease, 11(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02080935
  35. Sweetnich, J. (2023, April 24). How To Make Sure Your Patients Are Getting Enough Vitamin B6 In Their Diet: Testing, RDA's, and Supplementation 101. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-b6-101-testing-nutrition-and-supplements
  36. Sweetnich, J. (2023, April 26). Unlocking the Benefits of Vitamin B12: The Importance of Maintaining Optimal Levels. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-b12-101
  37. Sweetnich, J. (2023, April 27). Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) 101: RDA, Testing, and Supplementing. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-b1s-thiamin-role-in-the-body
  38. Sweetnich, J. (2023, April 28). Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 101: RDA, Testing, and Supplementing. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-b2-riboflavin-101-rda-testing-and-supplementing
  39. Sweetnich, J. (2023, May 1). Testing Your Patient's Biotin Levels: The Essential Vitamin for Hair, Skin, and Nails. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/biotin-101
  40. Sweetnich, J. (2023, May 1). Vitamin B5's (Pantothenic Acid's) 101: RDA's, Testing, Nutrition. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-b5s-pantothenic-acids-role-in-the-body
  41. Sweetnich, J. (2023, May 4). How to Make Sure Your Patients Are Getting Enough Vitamin B3 (Niacin) in Their Diet: Testing, RDAs, and Supplementing. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-b3-niacin-101-testing-rdas-and-supplementing
  42. Sweetnich, J. (2023, May 8). Understanding the Importance of Folate Testing and Proper Supplementation for Optimal Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/understanding-the-importance-of-folate-testing-and-proper-supplementation-for-optimal-health
  43. Thiamin. (2017). National Institutes of Health. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/
  44. Thiamin. (2021, October 12). Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/thiamin#summary
  45. Vitamin B3 (Niacin). Mount Sinai Health System. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/vitamin-b3-niacin
  46. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid). Mount Sinai Health System. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/vitamin-b5-pantothenic-acid
  47. Vitamin B6. Office of Dietary Supplements; NIH. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/#h6
  48. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine). Mount Sinai Health System. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/vitamin-b6-pyridoxine
  49. Vitamin B12. (2014, April 22). Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B12
  50. Vitamin B12. (2017). Office of Dietary Supplements; NIH. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/#h3
  51. Wyatt, K. M., Dimmock, P. W., Jones, P. W., et al. (1999). Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 318(7195), 1375–1381. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27878/
  52. Xu, H., Wang, S., Gao, F., et al. (2022). Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 Intakes and Cognitive Performance in Elders: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 18, 537–553. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s337617
Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
See All Magazine Articles
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source