Title
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

Luteinizing Hormone - Here’s All You Need to Know

Why This Was Updated?

Our specialists regularly review advancements in health and wellness, ensuring our articles are updated with the newest information as it becomes accessible.
Medically Reviewed by

What Is Luteinizing Hormone? 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted along with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by gonadotropin cells in the pituitary. LH plays a critical role in the development of the reproductive system in males and females.

LH works in tandem with other sex hormones to regulate the menstrual cycle and fertility. In this article, we will discuss the functions of LH and its impact on reproductive health disorders (36).

[signup]

What Is the Luteinizing Hormone’s Function? 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays an essential role in the reproductive system of men and women. LH is involved in the production of testosterone in men and estradiol in women. LH is also a crucial hormone in children and infants. Before puberty, there is a gradual increase in LH at nighttime. Once puberty starts, LH increases slowly, which stimulates gonadal maturation (36). 

Where Is the LH Located? 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is part of a hormonal cascade that starts in the brain. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which triggers the anterior pituitary to release LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH is inhibited by estradiol in females and testosterone in males. In males, LH triggers the release of testosterone from the testicles. In females, LH triggers the release of sex steroids and estrogen from the ovaries (28). 

LH is also a crucial hormone in regulating ovulation and assists in the implantation of an egg. When LH is released from the anterior pituitary, it directly impacts ovarian follicles

LH causes an increase in estradiol production, which leads to a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, causing an LH surge. The sudden rise in LH signals ovulation to begin. Once ovulation has begun, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum. 

The corpus luteum is responsible for the production of progesterone, which plays an essential role in preparing the uterine lining for the implantation of a fertilized egg. LH also helps regulate the length of the menstrual cycle and progesterone production after ovulation (36).

Conditions and Disorders Associated with Luteinizing Hormone Issues

Certain conditions may be linked to either high or low levels of LH:

High LH Levels 

Elevated levels of LH cause infertility and miscarriage in women and hypogonadism in men. There are currently several theories regarding the underlying cause of hypersecretion of LH from the pituitary. Some proposed mechanisms include hypothalamic dysfunction causing increased GnRH release, a change in pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, and hyperinsulinemia stimulation of the anterior pituitary (4).

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that causes hypersecretion of LH. In PCOS, we see an elevation of LH and low FSH secretion. Research is mixed on the exact mechanism behind the hypersecretion of LH. It is proposed that insulin is a facilitator of LH secretion, and the link between insulin resistance and PCOS results in a direct elevation of insulin, leading to hypersecretion of LH (45). 

If the underlying cause of increased LH is hyperinsulinemia, it is advised to address insulin resistance through diet, lifestyle, and if needed, supplementation. Risk factors for insulin resistance include physical inactivity and nutritional imbalance. Decreasing sugar intake and implementing a Mediterranean Diet are two strategies to address insulin resistance (55). 

Low LH Levels 

Luteinizing hormone deficiency can be genetic or acquired during life. The causes of LH deficiency range from disorders involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, or ovaries. Hypothalamic causes include Kallmann syndrome, which is a congenital cause of low LH. Although rare, it is possible to have genetic mutations of the LH receptors, which cause decreased LH, resulting in amenorrhea and infertility in women and hypogonadism in men. 

Interestingly, chronic stress, such as strenuous exercise or extreme weight loss, can suppress the hypothalamus. Administration of exogenous glucocorticoids can also suppress luteinizing hormone (23).

Pituitary causes of low LH include prolactinoma or Sheehan Syndrome. A prolactinoma is a tumor in the pituitary that secretes prolactin, which suppresses the secretion of FSH and LH, leading to hypogonadism, infertility, and galactorrhea (29). 

Treatment of LH deficiency depends on sex, age, and underlying causes. In men, testosterone replacement therapy is a common avenue to boost hormone levels. In women who are looking to conceive, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a popular treatment option to induce ovulation. 

The use of estrogen therapy in pre-pubertal girls is another potential treatment option. Women with stress–induced LH deficiency, typically see a balancing of hormones after the stressors have been removed (29). 

Testing for LH Levels

You can measure LH through blood, urine, and salivary tests. When completing any method of LH testing, it is crucial to measure at the correct time during the menstrual cycle. For menstruating women, ovulation typically occurs anywhere from days 13 to 15, which should be the window in which you test for LH. 

For patients trying to conceive, you can use at-home urine tests to determine if you are ovulating correctly. This is an easy, affordable method to assist in fertility planning. For a more comprehensive urinary hormone test, the DUTCH Cycle Mapping test will examine all hormones and hormone metabolites (17).

LH measurements can also be assessed through saliva (less common) and blood. Blood testing of hormones is standard in clinical practice due to its convenience. However, blood testing only captures a single snapshot of hormone levels and may miss fluctuations in hormone levels over time. Saliva testing of hormones, such as the Rhythm Plus™ by Genova Diagnostics is useful because it measures the biologically active form of the hormone (21).  

LH and Reproductive Health Disorders 

LH plays a crucial role in both the diagnosis and management of infertility. There are several underlying causes of infertility, such as anovulation, endometriosis, diminished ovarian reserve, hormonal dysregulation, fibroids, fallopian tube blockage, and many more (49). 

Regarding LH and infertility, high or low levels can cause an inability to conceive. When trying to conceive, a low LH level correlates to a lack of ovulation and warrants a more in-depth investigation of the root cause. It is known that LH stimulates the production of steroid hormones in the growing follicle during conception. 

Elevated LH concentration causes a change in the hormonal environment of the follicle. Studies show that ovarian follicles exposed to prolonged elevated levels of LH result in abnormal embryo development (45). 

Genetic disorders such as Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome can cause disruption of LH, leading to infertility. Klinefelter syndrome is the most common cause of genetic hypogonadism in males. This disorder causes an elevation of FSH and LH, leading to androgen deficiency in adulthood. 

Turner syndrome is the most common sex chromosome disorder seen in females. Individuals with Turner Syndrome have a surge in both LH and FSH at birth, suggesting the onset of ovarian failure (22, 53).

[signup]

When to Contact Your Healthcare Provider? 

Consulting with a functional medicine practitioner is important if you are experiencing hormonal imbalance. In men, if you are experiencing signs and symptoms of hypogonadism, such as decreased sex drive, fatigue, depression, erectile dysfunction, infertility, decrease in muscle mass, or development of breast tissue (gynecomastia), it is advised to seek a practitioner to diagnose and properly manage the cause of your hormonal imbalance.

In women, LH deficiency may present with hot flashes, irregular periods, loss of pubic hair, mood changes, and fatigue. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, consult with a healthcare provider to run the necessary tests. Regulating hormones is a complex process and should always be done under the care of a supervised physician (32, 33). 

What Is Luteinizing Hormone? 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted along with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by gonadotropin cells in the pituitary. LH plays a critical role in the development of the reproductive system in males and females.

LH works in tandem with other sex hormones to regulate the menstrual cycle and fertility. In this article, we will discuss the functions of LH and its impact on reproductive health (36).

[signup]

What Is the Luteinizing Hormone’s Function? 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays an essential role in the reproductive system of men and women. LH is involved in the production of testosterone in men and estradiol in women. LH is also a crucial hormone in children and infants. Before puberty, there is a gradual increase in LH at nighttime. Once puberty starts, LH increases slowly, which supports gonadal maturation (36). 

Where Is the LH Located? 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is part of a hormonal cascade that starts in the brain. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which triggers the anterior pituitary to release LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH is influenced by estradiol in females and testosterone in males. In males, LH supports the release of testosterone from the testicles. In females, LH supports the release of sex steroids and estrogen from the ovaries (28). 

LH is also a crucial hormone in regulating ovulation and assists in the implantation of an egg. When LH is released from the anterior pituitary, it directly impacts ovarian follicles

LH causes an increase in estradiol production, which leads to a feedback mechanism on the anterior pituitary, causing an LH surge. The sudden rise in LH signals ovulation to begin. Once ovulation has begun, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum. 

The corpus luteum is responsible for the production of progesterone, which plays an essential role in preparing the uterine lining for the implantation of a fertilized egg. LH also helps regulate the length of the menstrual cycle and progesterone production after ovulation (36).

Conditions and Disorders Associated with Luteinizing Hormone Issues

Certain conditions may be linked to either high or low levels of LH:

High LH Levels 

Elevated levels of LH may be associated with challenges in fertility and reproductive health in women and may affect hormone balance in men. There are currently several theories regarding the underlying cause of increased LH from the pituitary. Some proposed mechanisms include hypothalamic dysfunction causing increased GnRH release, a change in pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, and hyperinsulinemia stimulation of the anterior pituitary (4).

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that may be linked to increased LH levels. In PCOS, we see an elevation of LH and low FSH secretion. Research is mixed on the exact mechanism behind the increased LH. It is proposed that insulin may play a role in LH secretion, and the link between insulin resistance and PCOS results in a direct elevation of insulin, potentially leading to increased LH (45). 

If the underlying cause of increased LH is hyperinsulinemia, it may be helpful to address insulin resistance through diet, lifestyle, and if needed, supplementation. Risk factors for insulin resistance include physical inactivity and nutritional imbalance. Decreasing sugar intake and considering a Mediterranean Diet are two strategies to explore for managing insulin resistance (55). 

Low LH Levels 

Luteinizing hormone deficiency can be genetic or acquired during life. The causes of LH deficiency range from disorders involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, or ovaries. Hypothalamic causes include Kallmann syndrome, which is a congenital cause of low LH. Although rare, it is possible to have genetic mutations of the LH receptors, which may affect LH levels, potentially impacting reproductive health in women and men. 

Interestingly, chronic stress, such as strenuous exercise or extreme weight loss, can influence the hypothalamus. Administration of exogenous glucocorticoids can also affect luteinizing hormone (23).

Pituitary causes of low LH include prolactinoma or Sheehan Syndrome. A prolactinoma is a tumor in the pituitary that secretes prolactin, which may influence the secretion of FSH and LH, potentially affecting reproductive health (29). 

Approaches to managing LH deficiency depend on sex, age, and underlying causes. In men, testosterone replacement therapy is a common avenue to support hormone levels. In women who are looking to conceive, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a popular option to support ovulation. 

The use of estrogen therapy in pre-pubertal girls is another potential option. Women with stress–induced LH deficiency may see a balancing of hormones after the stressors have been managed (29). 

Testing for LH Levels

You can measure LH through blood, urine, and salivary tests. When completing any method of LH testing, it is crucial to measure at the correct time during the menstrual cycle. For menstruating women, ovulation typically occurs anywhere from days 13 to 15, which should be the window in which you test for LH. 

For individuals trying to conceive, you can use at-home urine tests to determine if you are ovulating. This is an easy, affordable method to assist in fertility planning. For a more comprehensive urinary hormone test, the DUTCH Cycle Mapping test will examine all hormones and hormone metabolites (17).

LH measurements can also be assessed through saliva (less common) and blood. Blood testing of hormones is standard in clinical practice due to its convenience. However, blood testing only captures a single snapshot of hormone levels and may miss fluctuations in hormone levels over time. Saliva testing of hormones, such as the Rhythm Plus™ by Genova Diagnostics is useful because it measures the biologically active form of the hormone (21).  

LH and Reproductive Health 

LH plays a crucial role in both the understanding and management of infertility. There are several underlying factors that may contribute to infertility, such as anovulation, endometriosis, diminished ovarian reserve, hormonal dysregulation, fibroids, fallopian tube blockage, and many more (49). 

Regarding LH and fertility, high or low levels can influence the ability to conceive. When trying to conceive, a low LH level may correlate to a lack of ovulation and warrants a more in-depth investigation of the root cause. It is known that LH supports the production of steroid hormones in the growing follicle during conception. 

Elevated LH concentration may cause a change in the hormonal environment of the follicle. Studies show that ovarian follicles exposed to prolonged elevated levels of LH may result in changes in embryo development (45). 

Genetic factors such as Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome can influence LH, potentially affecting fertility. Klinefelter syndrome is a common genetic factor associated with hormone balance in males. This condition may lead to changes in FSH and LH, affecting hormone levels in adulthood. 

Turner syndrome is a common sex chromosome condition seen in females. Individuals with Turner Syndrome may experience changes in both LH and FSH at birth, suggesting the onset of ovarian changes (22, 53).

[signup]

When to Contact Your Healthcare Provider? 

Consulting with a healthcare provider is important if you are experiencing hormonal imbalance. In men, if you are experiencing signs and symptoms of hypogonadism, such as decreased sex drive, fatigue, depression, erectile dysfunction, changes in fertility, decrease in muscle mass, or development of breast tissue (gynecomastia), it is advised to seek a practitioner to explore and manage the cause of your hormonal imbalance.

In women, LH deficiency may present with hot flashes, irregular periods, changes in hair growth, mood changes, and fatigue. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, consult with a healthcare provider to run the necessary tests. Regulating hormones is a complex process and should always be done under the care of a supervised physician (32, 33). 

The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

1. A Functional Medicine PCOS Protocol: Comprehensive Testing, Therapeutic Diet, and Supplements. (2023, July 20). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-pcos-protocol-comprehensive-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supplements

2. After Years of Crash Dieting, This Patient Finally Found The Reason Behind Her Slow Metabolism. (2023, April 11). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/after-years-of-crash-dieting-this-patient-finally-found-the-reason-behind-her-slow-metabolism

3. B-hCG, Qualitative, Urine by Access Med Labs. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/lab-tests/access-medical-labs-b-hcg-qualitative-urine

4. Balen, A. H. (1993). Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 8(suppl 2), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/8.suppl_2.123

5. Chourpiliadis, C., & Aeddula, N. R. (2020). Physiology, Glucocorticoids. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560897/

6. Christie, J. (2022a, March 25). The Most Common Causes Of Infertility In Men and Women. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-infertility

7. Christie, J. (2022b, April 22). A Functional Medicine Approach to PMS. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-pms

8. Chrsitie, J. (2022, April 7). 5 Common Root Causes Of Endometriosis And How To Treat Them. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-endometriosis

9. Cleveland Clinic. (2022, May 13). Ovaries: Anatomy, Function, Hormones & Conditions. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22999-ovaries

10. Cleveland clinic. (2022, March 18). Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Purpose & Testing. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22525-gonadotropin-releasing-hormone

11. Cloyd, J. (2023a, March 1). A Functional Medicine Protocol for Seasonal Depression. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-protocol-for-seasonal-depression

12. Cloyd, J. (2023b, March 7). An integrative medicine approach to fatigue. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-fatigue

13. Cloyd, J. (2023c, July 14). A Functional Medicine Fibroid Protocol: Testing, Supplements, and Therapeutic Diet. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-fibroid-protocol-testing-supplements-and-therapeutic-diet

14. Cloyd, J. (2023d, September 4). A Root Cause Medicine Protocol For Patients With Hot Flashes: Testing, Therapeutic Diet, and Supportive Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-root-cause-medicine-protocol-for-patients-with-hot-flashes-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supportive-supplements

15. Cloyd, J. (2024, February 28). The Link Between Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Understanding the Connection. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-link-between-erectile-dysfunction-and-cardiovascular-disease-understanding-the-connection

16. DeCesaris, L. (2023a, January 25). How to Support a Healthy Menstrual Cycle. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-support-a-healthy-menstrual-cycle

17. DeCesaris, L. (2023b, August 16). How To Test For Female Hormones: A Comprehensive Guide. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-test-for-female-hormones-a-comprehensive-guide

18. DeCesaris, L. (2023c, December 12). Elevating Mood with Nutraceuticals: A Functional Medicine Perspective. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/elevating-mood-with-nutraceuticals-a-functional-medicine-perspective

19. Diminished Ovarian Reserve: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23975-diminished-ovarian-reserve

20. DUTCH Cycle Mapping Plus by Precision Analytical (DUTCH). (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/lab-tests/dutch-dutch-cycle-mapping-plus

21. DUTCH Plus by Precision Analytical (DUTCH). (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/lab-tests/dutch-dutch-plus

22. Folsom, L. J., & Fuqua, J. S. (2015). Reproductive Issues in Women with Turner Syndrome. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 44(4), 723–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2015.07.004

23. Functional Medicine and Hormone Therapy in Aging Male Populations. (2024, January 22). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-and-hormone-therapy-in-aging-male-populations

24. Galactorrhea - Symptoms and causes. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/galactorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20350431

25. Health, C. for D. and R. (2018). Ovulation (Urine Test). FDA. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/home-use-tests/ovulation-urine-test

26. How Processed Sugar Affects Our Health. (2023, March 15). Rupa Health. https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-processed-sugar-affects-our-health&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1711123324708349&usg=AOvVaw1Kf8pg48nRj55bBxfyw3tS

27. Hydrosalpinx: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24437-hydrosalpinx

28. Kallmann Syndrome: Treatment, Symptoms & Research. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23096-kallmann-syndrome

29. Kazmi, S. R. H., & Can, A. S. (2021). Luteinizing Hormone Deficiency. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562219/

30. Lee, S. (2024, March 8). Does Exercise Affect Men And Women Differently? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/does-exercise-affect-men-and-women-differently

31. Magerman, R. (2024, March 11). How Androgens Play a Role in Women’s Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/androgens-womens-health

32. Mayo Clinic. (2016). Male Hypogonadism - Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354881

33. Mayo Clinic. (2017). Hypopituitarism - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypopituitarism/symptoms-causes/syc-20351645

34. Mayo Clinic. (2018). Prolactinoma - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958

35. Mayo Clinic. (2019). Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

36. Nedresky, D., & Singh, G. (2020). Physiology, Luteinizing Hormone. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539692/

37. Neibling, K. (2023, February 22). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Amenorrhea. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-amenorrhea

38. Perera, H. (2024, March 11). Anterior Pituitary (Its Hormones, Functions, & More). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/hormones-by-anterior-pituitary

39. Preston, J. (2022, September 2). 4 Natural Ways to Track Your Fertility: Fertility Awareness Methods. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/4-natural-ways-to-track-your-fertility-fertility-awareness-methods

40. Preston, J. (2023a, February 15). Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) Axis Dysfunction: Lab Testing, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-hpo-axis-dysfunction-lab-testing-diagnosis-and-treatment

41. Preston, J. (2023b, March 8). 5 Ways That Stress Affects Women’s Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-stress-affects-womens-health

42. Radswiki, T. (n.d.). Ovarian follicle | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org. Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ovarian-follicle

43. Rhythm PlusTM by Genova Diagnostics. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved March 22, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/lab-tests/genova-rhythm-plus-tm

44. Sheehan Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24173-sheehan-syndrome

45. Shoham, Z., Jacobs, H. S., & Insler, V. (1993). Luteinizing hormone: its role, mechanism of action, and detrimental effects when hypersecreted during the follicular phase. Fertility and Sterility, 59(6), 1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55968-8

46. Sweetnich, J. (2023a, February 22). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Estradiol Imbalance. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-estradiol-imbalance

47. Sweetnich, J. (2023b, February 28). Testosterone Testing 101. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/testosterone-testing-101

48. Sweetnich, J. (2023c, June 19). An Integrative Approach to Testicular Health: Testing, Nutrition, and Supplement Options. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-approach-to-testicular-health-testing-nutrition-and-supplement-options

49. Teeter, L. A. (2023, April 19). Natural Ways to Increase Fertility Through Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/natural-ways-to-increase-fertility-through-complementary-and-integrative-medicine

50. The Estrogen-Immunity Enigma: Exploring Women’s Resilience and Vulnerability. (2023, November 13). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-estrogen-immunity-enigma-exploring-womens-resilience-and-vulnerability

51. Thirumalai, A., & Anawalt, B. D. (2022). Epidemiology of Male Hypogonadism. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 51(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.016

52. Weinberg, J. (2022, November 16). 4 Science Backed Health Benefits of The Mediterranean Diet. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/4-science-backed-health-benefits-of-the-mediterranean-diet

53. Wikström, A. M., & Dunkel, L. (2011). Klinefelter syndrome. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 25(2), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2010.09.006

54. Yoshimura, H. (2023a, November 7). The remarkable power of exercise on our health: A comprehensive overview. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-remarkable-power-of-exercise-on-our-health-a-comprehensive-overview

55. Yoshimura, H. (2023b, November 13). Guarding Your Health: Proactive Steps to Ward Off Insulin Resistance. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/guarding-your-health-proactive-steps-to-ward-off-insulin-resistance

56. Yoshimuri, H. (2023, August 8). Balancing Hormones in Younger Women: A Comprehensive Guide to Hormonal Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/balancing-hormones-in-younger-women-a-comprehensive-guide-to-hormonal-health

Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
See All Magazine Articles
Trusted Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source