Title
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

How to Interpret Your Progesterone Test

Why This Was Updated?

Our specialists regularly review advancements in health and wellness, ensuring our articles are updated with the newest information as it becomes accessible.
Medically Reviewed by

Are you experiencing symptoms of hormonal imbalance? Progesterone may be to blame. High and low levels of progesterone can cause many symptoms in women. Instead of blindly guessing what may be causing symptoms, test! Progesterone testing is an important diagnostic tool in evaluating fertility issues, menstrual irregularities, and menopausal symptoms. Given the natural hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle, interpreting female hormonal results can be complex. This article will help readers understand what progesterone test results mean and what they can do to address them.

What Is Progesterone?

Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the ovaries in females, although the adrenal glands also synthesize smaller amounts. It plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system, particularly during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.Β 

The levels of progesterone in the body undergo cyclical fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. A normal menstrual cycle encompasses four phases: the menstrual phase (days 1-5), the follicular phase (days 6-14), ovulation (day 14), and the luteal phase (days 15-28). After ovulation, typically around day 14 of a 28-day cycle, the remnants of the ruptured follicle (the corpus luteum) secrete progesterone. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone until the placenta takes over. Progesterone facilitates the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining and inhibits uterine contractions, ensuring an optimal environment for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degrades, progesterone levels decline, and the uterine lining is shed, beginning a new menstrual cycle. (28)Β 

The fluctuations of four key hormones (FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone) throughout the menstrual cycle, divided into the Follicular and Luteal phases. It highlights the hormonal changes during menstruation, the proliferative phase, ovulation, and the secretory phase.

Beyond its reproductive functions, progesterone also influences mood. Progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone can cross the blood-brain barrier and potentiate the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), leading to a heightened sense of relaxation and tranquility. It is hypothesized that fluctuations in progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle and after pregnancy contribute to mood disorders, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and postpartum depression, and emotional symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).Β 

While progesterone levels are lower in men, it still holds an important role in men's health. Produced in the testes and adrenal glands, progesterone influences sperm development and testosterone synthesis. It also facilitates capacitation, a change sperm undergo that enables them to fertilize an egg. Progesterone receptors in the brain suggest potential involvement in cognitive function, and studies hint at neuroprotective effects. (13, 17)Β 

Indications for a Progesterone Test

A progesterone test may be recommended in various scenarios to assess hormone levels and gain insights into reproductive and overall health. In women, such testing is commonly advised in the following situations:

Fertility Evaluation

Progesterone levels are crucial in assessing the menstrual cycle and ovulatory function. Testing may be recommended for women experiencing fertility issues to determine if ovulation is occurring and if any hormonal imbalances are contributing to infertility.Β 

Menstrual Irregularities

Women with irregular menstrual cycles or absent periods may undergo progesterone testing to evaluate ovulatory function and hormonal balance. Symptoms of low progesterone include irregular or missed periods, heavy periods, and mid-cycle spotting. Progesterone testing can provide information about the function of the ovaries and help diagnose conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which causes irregular menstrual cycles.Β 

Monitoring Pregnancy

Progesterone levels are essential for maintaining the uterine lining and supporting early pregnancy. Testing may be done to ensure adequate progesterone levels needed for a viable pregnancy, especially in cases of recurrent miscarriage or other pregnancy complications.

Menopausal Hormone Therapy

Progesterone levels decline as women age and enter menopause. After menopause, progesterone levels fall below 0.5 ng/mL. In women undergoing menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to treat common symptoms (e.g., hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, changes in mood, insomnia), progesterone levels may be monitored to ensure safe and effective dosing.

How to Test Progesterone Levels

Progesterone levels can be measured via blood, saliva, and urine testing methods. Choosing one type of test over another will depend on the patient/provider's preference and what they want to measure. Progesterone is produced after ovulation in premenopausal women. In this population, it is recommended to measure luteal phase-progesterone, around day 21-22 of a 28-day menstrual cycle or about one week after ovulation (7). Hormonal birth control and HRT will influence progesterone test levels.Β 

Blood Testing

Access Medical Laboratories' serum Progesterone test offers a snapshot into circulating progesterone levels at the time of the blood draw. Very often, progesterone will be measured in concert with other sex hormones, like estradiol, LH, and FSH, so that a more comprehensive hormonal assessment can evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and how the various hormones coincide with one another at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. You could order the FSH & LH panel by Access Medical Labs with the Female Serum Hormones Basic Profile by ZRT Laboratory to do this.

Salivary Testing

Salivary testing measures the free, unbound concentration of progesterone available to act on tissues. The Saliva Profile I - female/male by ZRT Laboratory measures progesterone alongside estradiol, testosterone, DHEA, and testosterone for a comprehensive hormonal evaluation.Β 

Alternatively, you may consider Genova Diagnostics' Rhythm test, which measures hormones over a month to map out hormonal fluctuations throughout the cycle. This type of test is beneficial to better understand the pulsatile rhythm of how progesterone is produced throughout the various menstrual cycle phases in premenopausal and perimenopausal people.

Urinary Testing

The DUTCH Cycle Mapping test by Precision Analytical is a urine test equivalent to the Rhythm test mentioned above. It requires 25-morning urine samples, collected over 25 days, to map the patterns of estrogen and progesterone throughout the menstrual cycle. Disruptions in the normal hormonal secretion patterns at any point during the cycle can contribute to signs and symptoms of hormonal imbalance.

Precision Analytical's DUTCH Complete is a very popular panel amongst functional medicine providers. It is another dried urine test that measures sex and adrenal hormonal metabolites. Assessing progesterone metabolites may benefit patients with mood-related symptoms, given progesterone's role in mood regulation.Β 

Understanding Your Progesterone Test Results

Serum progesterone is low during the follicular phase. Levels begin to increase just before the onset of the LH surge and then increase to peak 6-8 days after ovulation. (25)

The following are typical ranges for progesterone based on menstrual cycle phase and pregnancy:

  • Female (Pre-Ovulation): < 1 ng/mL
  • Female (Mid-Cycle): 5-20 ng/mL
  • Male: < 1 ng/mL
  • Postmenopasual: < 1 ng/mL
  • Pregnancy 1st Trimester: 11.2-90 ng/mL
  • Pregnancy 2nd Trimester: 25.6-89.4 ng/mL
  • Pregnancy 3rd Trimester: 48-300+ ng/mL

Higher-than-normal progesterone levels may indicate pregnancy, ovarian cysts, excessive levels of stress, HRT, and (rarely) ovarian cancer or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (13).Β 

Lower-than-normal progesterone levels are a causative factor for irregular menstrual cycles, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), menorrhagia (heavy periods), PMS, mood disorders, and infertility. During pregnancy, progesterone levels < 10 ng/mL at 6-8 weeks signify an abnormal intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy (25).Β 

Factors Influencing Progesterone Levels

Acknowledging the intra-cycle variability of progesterone levels is crucial for accurately interpreting hormonal assessments and ensuring meaningful insights into reproductive health. Progesterone levels fluctuate significantly throughout the menstrual cycle, reaching their peak during the luteal phase after ovulation. Understanding the expected range of progesterone levels in each phase of the cycle is essential for appropriate interpretation. For instance, higher progesterone levels in the luteal phase are normal and indicate ovulation and readiness for a potential pregnancy. On the other hand, low progesterone levels during this phase may suggest issues with ovulation or luteal phase deficiency, potentially affecting fertility. (25)

Several factors can influence progesterone levels, reflecting the intricate hormonal balance within the body. Stress is a significant contributor; elevated stress levels can lead to increased production of cortisol, a hormone that shares a precursor with progesterone, potentially diverting resources away from progesterone synthesis. Lifestyle factors, such as inadequate sleep, excessive exercise, and poor nutrition, can also impact progesterone levels, as the body's overall health plays a role in hormone production.

Certain medications may interfere with progesterone synthesis or metabolism. For instance, hormonal contraceptives containing synthetic hormones can suppress natural progesterone production. Conversely, hormone replacement therapies or fertility treatments may introduce exogenous progesterone, raising levels.Β 

Additionally, medical conditions can cause HPO dysfunction, leading to hormonal imbalances and irregular menstrual cycles. These conditions may include PCOS, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, low cholesterol, (peri)menopause, and obesity.

It's crucial to recognize the interconnectedness of these factors and their potential cumulative effects on progesterone levels. Understanding these influences helps healthcare providers assess and address hormonal imbalances, whether for fertility concerns, menstrual irregularities, or overall reproductive health.

Next Steps After Progesterone Testing

Following a progesterone test, the next steps depend on the specific context and purpose of the testing. For fertility assessments, menstrual irregularities, or hormonal imbalances, healthcare providers may consider various actions.

Additional tests may be recommended to validate and complement progesterone results. This could include tests for other reproductive hormones, thyroid function, or imaging studies to assess ovarian health. Complementary tests to hormone panels include:

If fertility is a concern, providers may suggest regular cycle monitoring to track hormonal fluctuations and identify the timing of ovulation. This can involve additional blood tests, ultrasound examinations, or fertility awareness methods like monitoring cervical mucus and basal body temperature (BBT).

Lifestyle factors, such as stress management, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet, can significantly influence hormonal balance. Depending on the individual's circumstances, healthcare providers may recommend lifestyle modifications to support reproductive health. (13, 24, 28)Β 

In cases of infertility, personalized treatment plans may be devised. This could involve medications to stimulate ovulation, hormonal therapies to correct imbalances, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF).

For individuals experiencing symptoms related to hormonal deficiencies, such as irregular menstrual cycles or menopausal symptoms, hormone replacement therapy may be considered. This can involve supplementing with progesterone or a combination of hormones to restore balance. Alternatively, botanical remedies, such as Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree), may be recommended as natural alternatives to boost progesterone levels. (13)Β 

The importance of personalized care cannot be overstated, especially in fertility treatments or hormonal therapies. Each individual's response to hormonal interventions can vary, and considering the unique aspects of their reproductive health is crucial. Tailoring treatment plans based on progesterone test results and a comprehensive understanding of the individual's medical history and goals enhances the likelihood of successful outcomes and minimizes potential risks or side effects.

[signup]

Interpreting Your Progesterone Test: Key Takeaways

Understanding and interpreting progesterone test results are integral to gaining insights into reproductive health, fertility, and hormonal balance. The dynamic nature of progesterone levels throughout the menstrual cycle underscores the importance of considering results within a broader health context. Recognizing hormonal variability, tailoring interpretations to individual circumstances, and acknowledging the potential influence of lifestyle factors contribute to a more accurate assessment. To navigate this complex landscape, I encourage you to seek professional guidance from functional healthcare providers who can offer personalized interpretation and devise comprehensive treatment plans that align with individual health goals and considerations.

Are you experiencing symptoms that might be related to hormonal changes? Progesterone levels can vary and may contribute to different experiences in women. Instead of guessing what might be causing these experiences, consider testing! Progesterone testing can be a helpful tool in evaluating fertility, menstrual patterns, and menopausal changes. Given the natural hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle, interpreting female hormonal results can be complex. This article will help readers understand what progesterone test results might indicate and what steps they can consider taking.

What Is Progesterone?

Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the ovaries in females, although the adrenal glands also synthesize smaller amounts. It plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system, particularly during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.Β 

The levels of progesterone in the body undergo cyclical fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. A normal menstrual cycle encompasses four phases: the menstrual phase (days 1-5), the follicular phase (days 6-14), ovulation (day 14), and the luteal phase (days 15-28). After ovulation, typically around day 14 of a 28-day cycle, the remnants of the ruptured follicle (the corpus luteum) secrete progesterone. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone until the placenta takes over. Progesterone facilitates the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining and inhibits uterine contractions, ensuring an optimal environment for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degrades, progesterone levels decline, and the uterine lining is shed, beginning a new menstrual cycle. (28)Β 

The fluctuations of four key hormones (FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone) throughout the menstrual cycle, divided into the Follicular and Luteal phases. It highlights the hormonal changes during menstruation, the proliferative phase, ovulation, and the secretory phase.

Beyond its reproductive functions, progesterone also influences mood. Progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone can cross the blood-brain barrier and may enhance the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), potentially leading to a heightened sense of relaxation and tranquility. It is hypothesized that fluctuations in progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle and after pregnancy may contribute to mood changes, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and postpartum depression, and emotional symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).Β 

While progesterone levels are lower in men, it still holds an important role in men's health. Produced in the testes and adrenal glands, progesterone influences sperm development and testosterone synthesis. It also facilitates capacitation, a change sperm undergo that enables them to fertilize an egg. Progesterone receptors in the brain suggest potential involvement in cognitive function, and studies hint at neuroprotective effects. (13, 17)Β 

Indications for a Progesterone Test

A progesterone test may be recommended in various scenarios to assess hormone levels and gain insights into reproductive and overall health. In women, such testing is commonly advised in the following situations:

Fertility Evaluation

Progesterone levels are crucial in assessing the menstrual cycle and ovulatory function. Testing may be recommended for women experiencing fertility issues to determine if ovulation is occurring and if any hormonal imbalances might be contributing to infertility.Β 

Menstrual Irregularities

Women with irregular menstrual cycles or absent periods may undergo progesterone testing to evaluate ovulatory function and hormonal balance. Symptoms of low progesterone might include irregular or missed periods, heavy periods, and mid-cycle spotting. Progesterone testing can provide information about the function of the ovaries and help identify conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which may cause irregular menstrual cycles.Β 

Monitoring Pregnancy

Progesterone levels are essential for maintaining the uterine lining and supporting early pregnancy. Testing may be done to ensure adequate progesterone levels needed for a viable pregnancy, especially in cases of recurrent miscarriage or other pregnancy complications.

Menopausal Hormone Therapy

Progesterone levels decline as women age and enter menopause. After menopause, progesterone levels fall below 0.5 ng/mL. In women undergoing menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to help manage common symptoms (e.g., hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, changes in mood, insomnia), progesterone levels may be monitored to ensure safe and effective dosing.

How to Test Progesterone Levels

Progesterone levels can be measured via blood, saliva, and urine testing methods. Choosing one type of test over another will depend on the patient/provider's preference and what they want to measure. Progesterone is produced after ovulation in premenopausal women. In this population, it is often suggested to measure luteal phase-progesterone, around day 21-22 of a 28-day menstrual cycle or about one week after ovulation (7). Hormonal birth control and HRT will influence progesterone test levels.Β 

Blood Testing

Access Medical Laboratories' serum Progesterone test offers a snapshot into circulating progesterone levels at the time of the blood draw. Very often, progesterone will be measured in concert with other sex hormones, like estradiol, LH, and FSH, so that a more comprehensive hormonal assessment can evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and how the various hormones coincide with one another at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. You could order the FSH & LH panel by Access Medical Labs with the Female Serum Hormones Basic Profile by ZRT Laboratory to do this.

Salivary Testing

Salivary testing measures the free, unbound concentration of progesterone available to act on tissues. The Saliva Profile I - female/male by ZRT Laboratory measures progesterone alongside estradiol, testosterone, DHEA, and testosterone for a comprehensive hormonal evaluation.Β 

Alternatively, you may consider Genova Diagnostics' Rhythm test, which measures hormones over a month to map out hormonal fluctuations throughout the cycle. This type of test is beneficial to better understand the pulsatile rhythm of how progesterone is produced throughout the various menstrual cycle phases in premenopausal and perimenopausal people.

Urinary Testing

The DUTCH Cycle Mapping test by Precision Analytical is a urine test equivalent to the Rhythm test mentioned above. It requires 25-morning urine samples, collected over 25 days, to map the patterns of estrogen and progesterone throughout the menstrual cycle. Disruptions in the normal hormonal secretion patterns at any point during the cycle can contribute to signs and symptoms of hormonal imbalance.

Precision Analytical's DUTCH Complete is a very popular panel amongst functional medicine providers. It is another dried urine test that measures sex and adrenal hormonal metabolites. Assessing progesterone metabolites may benefit patients with mood-related symptoms, given progesterone's role in mood regulation.Β 

Understanding Your Progesterone Test Results

Serum progesterone is low during the follicular phase. Levels begin to increase just before the onset of the LH surge and then increase to peak 6-8 days after ovulation. (25)

The following are typical ranges for progesterone based on menstrual cycle phase and pregnancy:

  • Female (Pre-Ovulation): < 1 ng/mL
  • Female (Mid-Cycle): 5-20 ng/mL
  • Male: < 1 ng/mL
  • Postmenopausal: < 1 ng/mL
  • Pregnancy 1st Trimester: 11.2-90 ng/mL
  • Pregnancy 2nd Trimester: 25.6-89.4 ng/mL
  • Pregnancy 3rd Trimester: 48-300+ ng/mL

Higher-than-normal progesterone levels may indicate pregnancy, ovarian cysts, elevated stress levels, HRT, and (rarely) ovarian cancer or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (13).Β 

Lower-than-normal progesterone levels may be associated with irregular menstrual cycles, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), menorrhagia (heavy periods), PMS, mood changes, and fertility challenges. During pregnancy, progesterone levels < 10 ng/mL at 6-8 weeks may suggest an abnormal intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy (25).Β 

Factors Influencing Progesterone Levels

Acknowledging the intra-cycle variability of progesterone levels is crucial for accurately interpreting hormonal assessments and ensuring meaningful insights into reproductive health. Progesterone levels fluctuate significantly throughout the menstrual cycle, reaching their peak during the luteal phase after ovulation. Understanding the expected range of progesterone levels in each phase of the cycle is essential for appropriate interpretation. For instance, higher progesterone levels in the luteal phase are normal and indicate ovulation and readiness for a potential pregnancy. On the other hand, low progesterone levels during this phase may suggest issues with ovulation or luteal phase deficiency, potentially affecting fertility. (25)

Several factors can influence progesterone levels, reflecting the intricate hormonal balance within the body. Stress is a significant contributor; elevated stress levels can lead to increased production of cortisol, a hormone that shares a precursor with progesterone, potentially diverting resources away from progesterone synthesis. Lifestyle factors, such as inadequate sleep, excessive exercise, and poor nutrition, can also impact progesterone levels, as the body's overall health plays a role in hormone production.

Certain medications may interfere with progesterone synthesis or metabolism. For instance, hormonal contraceptives containing synthetic hormones can suppress natural progesterone production. Conversely, hormone replacement therapies or fertility treatments may introduce exogenous progesterone, raising levels.Β 

Additionally, medical conditions can cause HPO dysfunction, leading to hormonal imbalances and irregular menstrual cycles. These conditions may include PCOS, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, low cholesterol, (peri)menopause, and obesity.

It's crucial to recognize the interconnectedness of these factors and their potential cumulative effects on progesterone levels. Understanding these influences helps healthcare providers assess and address hormonal imbalances, whether for fertility concerns, menstrual irregularities, or overall reproductive health.

Next Steps After Progesterone Testing

Following a progesterone test, the next steps depend on the specific context and purpose of the testing. For fertility assessments, menstrual irregularities, or hormonal imbalances, healthcare providers may consider various actions.

Additional tests may be recommended to validate and complement progesterone results. This could include tests for other reproductive hormones, thyroid function, or imaging studies to assess ovarian health. Complementary tests to hormone panels include:

If fertility is a concern, providers may suggest regular cycle monitoring to track hormonal fluctuations and identify the timing of ovulation. This can involve additional blood tests, ultrasound examinations, or fertility awareness methods like monitoring cervical mucus and basal body temperature (BBT).

Lifestyle factors, such as stress management, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet, can significantly influence hormonal balance. Depending on the individual's circumstances, healthcare providers may recommend lifestyle modifications to support reproductive health. (13, 24, 28)Β 

In cases of fertility challenges, personalized plans may be devised. This could involve medications to support ovulation, hormonal therapies to address imbalances, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF).

For individuals experiencing symptoms related to hormonal changes, such as irregular menstrual cycles or menopausal symptoms, hormone replacement therapy may be considered. This can involve supplementing with progesterone or a combination of hormones to support balance. Alternatively, botanical remedies, such as Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree), may be considered as natural options to support progesterone levels. (13)Β 

The importance of personalized care cannot be overstated, especially in fertility treatments or hormonal therapies. Each individual's response to hormonal interventions can vary, and considering the unique aspects of their reproductive health is crucial. Tailoring plans based on progesterone test results and a comprehensive understanding of the individual's medical history and goals enhances the likelihood of successful outcomes and minimizes potential risks or side effects.

[signup]

Interpreting Your Progesterone Test: Key Takeaways

Understanding and interpreting progesterone test results are integral to gaining insights into reproductive health, fertility, and hormonal balance. The dynamic nature of progesterone levels throughout the menstrual cycle underscores the importance of considering results within a broader health context. Recognizing hormonal variability, tailoring interpretations to individual circumstances, and acknowledging the potential influence of lifestyle factors contribute to a more accurate assessment. To navigate this complex landscape, I encourage you to seek professional guidance from functional healthcare providers who can offer personalized interpretation and devise comprehensive plans that align with individual health goals and considerations.

The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

  1. Capacitation. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/capacitation
  2. Christie, J. (2022, February 9). 6 Lab Test for Patients With PCOS. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-pcos
  3. Christie, J. (2022, April 22). A Functional Medicine Approach to PMS. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-pms
  4. Christie, J. (2022, May 6). 10% Of Women Experience Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Are You One Of Them? Www.rupahealth.com. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-pmdd
  5. Christie, J. (2023, January 19). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Perimenopause. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-approach-to-perimenopause
  6. Christie, J. (2023, January 31). 5 Functional Medicine Lab Tests To Consider For Women in Menopause. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/5-functional-medicine-lab-tests-for-your-menopause-patients
  7. Cloyd, K. (2023, October 24). Progesterone Power: The Unsung Heroine in Women's Health and Mood. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/progesterone-power-the-unsung-heroine-in-womens-health-and-mood
  8. DeCesaris, L. (2023, January 25). How to Support a Healthy Menstrual Cycle. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-support-a-healthy-menstrual-cycle
  9. Diagnosis and treatment of luteal phase deficiency: a committee opinion. (2021). Fertility and Sterility, 115(6), 1416–1423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.010
  10. Diorio, B. (2022, October 5). 5 Natural Ways to Increase Low GABA Levels. Www.rupahealth.com. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/5-natural-ways-to-increase-low-gaba-levels
  11. Gao, W., Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2015). Quantitative analysis of estradiol and six other steroid hormones in human saliva using a high throughput liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Talanta, 143, 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.004
  12. Infertility Workup for the Women's Health Specialist. (2019). ACOG. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2019/06/infertility-workup-for-the-womens-health-specialist
  13. LoBisco, S. (2022, November 16). Progesterone Imbalance: Signs & Treatments. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/progesterone-imbalance-signs-treatments
  14. Low Progesterone. (2023, January 6). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24613-low-progesterone
  15. Maholy, N. (2023, February 27). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Menorrhagia. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-menorrhagia
  16. Maholy, N. (2023, March 8). A Functional Medicine Protocol for Amenorrhea. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-protocol-for-amenorrhea
  17. Oettel, M., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2004). Progesterone: the forgotten hormone in men? The Aging Male: The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male, 7(3), 236–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685530400004199
  18. Petersen, N., Kearley, N. W., Ghahremani, D. G., et al. (2021). Effects of oral contraceptive pills on mood and magnetic resonance imaging measures of prefrontal cortical thickness. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(3), 917–926. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00990-2
  19. Preston, J. (2022, September 2). 4 Natural Ways to Track Your Fertility: Fertility Awareness Methods. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/4-natural-ways-to-track-your-fertility-fertility-awareness-methods
  20. Preston, J. (2022, October 6). Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms, & When To See A Doctor. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/postpartum-depression-causes-symptoms-when-to-see-a-doctor
  21. Preston, J. (2023, February 15). Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) Axis Dysfunction: Lab Testing, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-hpo-axis-dysfunction-lab-testing-diagnosis-and-treatment
  22. Preston, J. (2023, March 8). 5 Ways That Stress Affects Women's Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-stress-affects-womens-health
  23. Preston, J. (2023, March 15). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Managing Menopause Symptoms. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-managing-menopause-symptoms
  24. Preston, J. (2023, August 24). How to Test Progesterone Levels and Increase Progesterone Naturally. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-test-progesterone-levels-and-increase-progesterone-naturally
  25. Progesterone Blood Level. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/progesterone-blood-level
  26. Serum Progesterone. (2023, April 1). UCSF Health. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/serum-progesterone
  27. Sweetnich, J. (2023, February 7). A Non Pharmaceutical Approach to PCOS. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-non-pharmaceutical-approach-to-pcos
  28. Sweetnich, J. (2023, February 23). How to Test for The Root Cause of Progesterone Imbalance. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-integrative-medicine-approach-to-progesterone-imbalance
  29. Verhaegen, J., Gallos, I. D., van Mello, N. M., et al. (2012). Accuracy of single progesterone test to predict early pregnancy outcome in women with pain or bleeding: meta-analysis of cohort studies. The BMJ, 345, e6077. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e6077
  30. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, September 7). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Hypothyroidism. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/understanding-hypothyroidism-and-how-to-treat-it-naturally
  31. Yoshimura, H. (2023, July 5). Implementing Bioidentical Hormone Therapy in Practice With Specialty Lab Testing. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/biodentical-hormone-therapy-protocol-and-testing
  32. Yoshimura, H. (2023, August 1). The Role of Integrative Medicine in Fertility Treatment: Enhancing the Success of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-role-of-integrative-medicine-in-fertility-treatment-enhancing-the-success-of-assisted-reproductive-technologies
  33. Yoshimura, H. (2023, August 7). Top Labs To Run Bi-Annually On Your Irregular Menstrual Cycle Patients. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/top-labs-to-run-bi-annually-on-your-irregular-menstrual-cycle-patients
  34. Yoshimura, H. (2023, August 8). Balancing Hormones in Younger Women: A Comprehensive Guide to Hormonal Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/balancing-hormones-in-younger-women-a-comprehensive-guide-to-hormonal-health
Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
See All Magazine Articles
Trusted Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source