The Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) test is used in the diagnosis of acquired cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency in adults and to screen for inherited organic acidemia in neonates and infants. Elevated MMA in either blood or urine indicates vitamin B12 deficiency in adults, with MMA acting as a functional biomarker for vitamin B12 status. In neonates and infants, elevated MMA is associated with inborn errors of metabolism.