Bacteroides salanitronis

Bacteroides salanitronis is a species within the Bacteroidetes phylum, which is an essential part of the human gut microbiota. 

This gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium thrives in anaerobic conditions and ferments various carbohydrates, producing acetic and succinic acids, with minor isovaleric acid. 

It degrades and assimilates glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and mucin, producing essential amino acids, GABA, and short-chain fatty acids. 

These metabolites support gut health, immune function, and potentially mental health, highlighting its role in maintaining a balanced and beneficial gut microbiome.

Overview of Bacteroides spp. [1., 9., 14., 19., 21., 23., 24.] 

Bacteroides spp., members of the Bacteroidetes phylum, are significant components of the human gut microbiota, crucial for maintaining gut homeostasis. 

This phylum, constituting about 30% of the human gut microbiota, includes several genera such as Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas. 

The proportion of Bacteroidetes varies based on population, geography, age, and diet.

Characteristics and Taxonomy

Bacteroides spp. are gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Approximately 24 species have been identified, with Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron being the most studied. 

These bacteria thrive in anaerobic conditions, utilizing complex polysaccharides for energy through fermentation. 

They possess unique genetic and metabolic features that enable efficient degradation of dietary fibers and carbohydrates, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolites that impact host physiology.

The Bacteroides genus uses a Type VI secretion system to maintain competitive advantage in the gut. [28.]

The T4SS in Bacteroides helps maintain competition and balance in the human gut by releasing toxins that target other bacteria, enabling these bacteria to outcompete others and stabilize the gut ecosystem, often through the transfer of these systems via mobile genetic elements among neighboring strains. [28.]

Role in the Human Microbiome [9., 19., 24.]

Bacteroides spp. are key members of the human gut microbiome, significantly contributing to the microbial community in the colon. 

Their presence and abundance are influenced by diet, host genetics, and environmental exposures. 

Bacteroides spp. interact with other commensal bacteria and host cells, participating in complex microbial networks that regulate immune responses, nutrient metabolism, and intestinal barrier function.

Bacteroidetes, primarily found in the distal gut, possess a similar function of harvesting energy from diet through the fermentation of indigestible polysaccharides, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). [27.] 

Metabolic Contributions

In adults, Bacteroides and other Bacteroidetes produce SCFAs such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate from the fermentation of undigested dietary polysaccharides. SCFAs play crucial roles in gut health, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. 

Bacteroides and Prevotella are major contributors to SCFA production, especially propionate. These bacteria adapt flexibly to the gut's nutritional environment, using a wide range of dietary polysaccharides and proteins.

Despite their diversity, Bacteroidetes share a high capacity for polysaccharide utilization, aided by numerous carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZYmes). Their metabolic flexibility allows them to switch between different substrates based on availability and competition within the gut ecosystem. [8.] 

Diet and Bacteroidetes:

Diet significantly influences Bacteroidetes levels. 

Diets rich in animal products increase Bacteroides levels, whereas plant-based diets promote a more diverse microbial community. [8., 29.] 

Overnutrition decreases Bacteroidetes, affecting energy harvest efficiency. Conversely, undernutrition and fasting can either increase or deplete Bacteroidetes levels, depending on the conditions. [8.] 

Bacteroidetes and Metabolic Diseases:

Studies show varied associations between Bacteroidetes and type 2 diabetes. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes can affect glucose metabolism differently in individuals, influenced by diet and other factors. 

Gnotobiotic animal studies show specific Bacteroidetes species can have different effects on host metabolism. Daily dosing with Bacteroides cultures improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice, suggesting microbial metabolites as potential metabolic effectors.

However, high Bacteroides have also been associated with impaired glucose tolerance. Bacteroides species' levels correlate with glucose responses post-meal, emphasizing the importance of dietary context. [8.] 

In one study, continuous blood glucose monitoring in 800 participants showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in stool was associated with a poor postprandial glucose response. [8.] 

However, within the phylum, many Bacteroides species correlated positively with a healthy postprandial glucose response when participants consumed diets optimized to their individual microbiota, dietary habits, and other factors. [8.] 

Overall, the effects of Bacteroidetes on glucose metabolism can vary significantly depending on dietary context and on the relative levels of Bacteroides subspecies. [8.] 

However, overall a healthy amount of Bacteroides seems to be beneficial for human metabolic health. [8., 11.]

Health Implications

Modulating Bacteroides metabolism through dietary interventions holds potential for restoring gut microbiota balance and promoting metabolic health. 

Imbalances in the composition of the gut microbiota, including alterations in Bacteroides spp. abundance, have been associated with numerous disease states. 

Bacteroidetes have been associated with metabolic disease, although the association between Bacteroidetes and metabolic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes is complex and context-dependent. [8.] 

Bacteroides has shown potential in preventing and treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating gut health.  [27.] 

By reducing liver inflammation, mitigating hepatic steatosis, and enhancing intestinal barrier function, they contribute to metabolic regulation, improve insulin resistance, and balance cytokines. 

While the mechanisms are not fully understood, Bacteroides’ ability to influence lipid metabolism and gut barrier integrity positions them as promising candidates for NAFLD therapy, although more clinical research is needed to confirm their efficacy.

What is Bacteroides salanitronis?

The Bacteroides salanitronis strain is a Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium that is strictly anaerobic. 

It can ferment glucose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, arabinose, cellobiose, lactose, xylose, and raffinose. The primary fermentation products are acetic acid and succinic acid, with small amounts of isovaleric acid. [6.] 

Menaquinones MK-11 and MK-12 are its principal respiratory quinones. [10.] 

Bacteroides salanitronis also produces GABA, or gamma-aminobutyric acid, a calming neurotransmitter beneficial for human health. [18.]

The genus Bacteroides has undergone significant taxonomic revisions over the past few decades, and several new species have been added. 

Bacteroides salanitronis is noted as one of these newly identified species, having recently been added to the genus Bacteroides along with others such as Bacteroides goldsteinii, Bacteroides nordii, and Bacteroides plebeius. [21.] 

These species were isolated from various sources, such as human feces and blood cultures, highlighting the diversity and adaptability of the Bacteroides genus in different environments within the human body. [21.] 

Bacteroides salanitronis is prevalent in omnivorous diets compared to other dietary patterns. [25.] 

This species, like others in the genus, plays a significant role in metabolizing complex carbohydrates and maintaining gut health, but can also become pathogenic under certain conditions. [25.] 

Bacteroides salanitronis in Human Health [10.] 

Bacteroides salanitronis plays a beneficial role in human health by degrading and assimilating host-derived mucosubstances, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and mucin, from the mucus lining of the gut. 

This bacterium can thrive even during undernutrition or fasting conditions, producing essential amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and short-chain fatty acids. 

These metabolites support gut health, improve the immune system, provide energy, and potentially benefit mental health. 

Thus, Bacteroides salanitronis contributes to a mutually beneficial symbiosis, enhancing human health and maintaining gut microbial balance.

Laboratory Testing for Bacteroides salanitronis

Test Type, Sample Collection and Preparation

Bacteroides salanitronis levels are assessed in stool samples.  Stool samples may be collected from the comfort of home.  

Testing may require avoidance of certain medications and/or supplements including probiotics prior to sample collection.  It is important to consult with the ordering provider for full test preparation instructions.  

Interpretation of Test Results

Optimal Levels of Bacteroides salanitronis

It is important to consult with the laboratory company used for test interpretation.  Bacteroides levels are typically assessed by species, although some lesser-known species, such as Bacteroides salanitronis, may be reported as part of Bacteroides spp.  

One lab company provides the following reference range for Bacteroides spp. levels alongside Prevotella spp., and reports this on a scale from -3 (low prevalence of these organisms) to +3 (high prevalence of these organisms).  [16.]

Clinical Implications of High Bacteroides 

High levels of Bacteroides in the gut microbiome are generally associated with a healthy state and favorable metabolic outcomes. 

A high relative abundance of Bacteroides compared to other phyla like Firmicutes is considered essential for maintaining gut health, biodiversity, and homeostasis of metabolism, immune function, and colonization resistance.  

Bacteroidetes, the phylum of which Bacteroides are a part, are considered a "keystone taxon" in the gut microbiome, and their depletion can lead to detrimental shifts in the microbial community structure.  [12., 21.]

Several studies have found an association between high Bacteroidetes levels and a lean phenotype or healthy weight.  A higher Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was associated with a lower body mass index (BMI).  [8., 11.]

Conversely, a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes has been observed in obese individuals compared to lean individuals.  [8.] 

High levels of Bacteroidetes species like Bacteroides fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron are considered beneficial as commensals, fermenting polysaccharides to produce short-chain fatty acids that serve as an energy source for the host. [21.] 

They also contribute to bile acid metabolism and provide colonization resistance against pathogens like Clostridioides difficile.  [21.]

However, elevated levels of Bacteroides in the setting of digestive symptoms or pathology warrants further assessment for bacterial strains such as enterotoxin-producing B. fragilis or B. caccae, which have been associated with digestive pathology in certain settings.  

Low Bacteroides Abundance  [1., 10., 11., 17.]

Lower levels of Bacteroides have been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) like ulcerative colitis, where specific Bacteroides species exhibit significantly lower abundance compared to healthy controls.

The loss of these species is suggested to result from disease exacerbation and may serve as potential biomarkers for disease activity.

Low Bacteroides levels may disrupt microbial community dynamics, favoring the overgrowth of potentially harmful bacteria and diminishing the beneficial effects of Bacteroides-mediated functions, such as the fermentation of dietary fibers and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).  [4.] 

Therefore, maintaining a relatively high abundance of Bacteroides in the gut microbiome is generally considered a favorable state, associated with better metabolic health, a lean phenotype, and a lower risk of inflammatory conditions like IBD. 

Monitoring Bacteroides levels may have clinical significance in assessing gut health, disease risk, and potential therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring a balanced microbiome.

Natural Ways to Optimize Microbiome Health [7.] 

A healthy diet and lifestyle are foundational for microbiome health.  

Diet and Nutrition

• Consume Diverse Foods: increase the variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes to promote microbial diversity.

• High-Fiber Diet: focus on fiber-rich foods to support the growth of beneficial bacteria.

• Fermented Foods: include yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and other fermented foods to introduce probiotics.

• Polyphenol-Rich Foods: consume foods high in polyphenols such as berries, green tea, dark chocolate, and red wine to stimulate beneficial bacteria growth.

• Prebiotics: incorporate prebiotic-rich foods like garlic, onions, asparagus, and bananas to nourish beneficial bacteria.

Lifestyle

• Regular Exercise: engage in consistent physical activity to enhance gut microbiota diversity and composition.

• Stress Management: practice stress-reducing activities such as yoga, meditation, and mindfulness to prevent microbiota dysbiosis.

Medications and Supplements

• Probiotics: consider probiotic supplements to increase beneficial bacteria in the gut.

• Avoid Unnecessary Antibiotics: use antibiotics only when necessary to avoid disrupting the gut microbiome.

Environmental Factors

• Limit Artificial Sweeteners: avoid artificial sweeteners that can negatively affect gut microbiota.

• Healthy Sleep Patterns: maintain regular sleep patterns to support a balanced gut microbiome.

Hygiene Practices

• Avoid Over-Sanitization: limit the use of antibacterial soaps and sanitizers to maintain a healthy microbiota balance.

Bacteroides salanitronis Related Biomarkers

While Bacteroides salanitronis is a valuable biomarker on its own, its diagnostic and prognostic utility can be significantly enhanced when used alongside other biomarkers. 

Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio [8., 9., 11.]

The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is an important marker of gut microbiota composition and health. 

Bacteroides salanitronis belongs to the Bacteroidetes phylum, and changes in its levels can affect this ratio. A higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio has been associated with obesity and metabolic disorders, while a lower ratio is often seen in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 

By assessing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, clinicians can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the gut microbiome's state and its potential impact on health. 

This integrated approach can help in diagnosing metabolic and inflammatory conditions and tailoring interventions to restore microbial balance.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are products of microbial fermentation of dietary fibers in the gut. Bacteroides salanitronis and other Bacteroides species play a key role in the production of SCFAs through the degradation of polysaccharides. 

Measuring SCFA levels in conjunction with Bacteroides salanitronis provides insights into the functional activity of the gut microbiome and its impact on host health. 

SCFAs have anti-inflammatory properties and contribute to gut barrier integrity and energy metabolism. Alterations in SCFA levels can indicate dysbiosis and have been linked to conditions such as IBD, IBS, and metabolic syndrome. 

By integrating SCFA measurements with Bacteroides salanitronis levels, clinicians can better assess gut health and develop targeted nutritional or probiotic therapies.

Inflammatory Markers

Inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukins (e.g., IL-6), are commonly used to assess systemic inflammation and immune responses. 

Since the gut microbiome plays a critical role in modulating inflammation, measuring inflammatory markers alongside Bacteroides salanitronis levels can provide valuable information about the interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system. 

FAQ: Understanding Bacteroides salanitronis

Bacteroides salanitronis is a bacterium that is part of the human gut microbiome. This FAQ section addresses common questions about Bacteroides salanitronis, its significance, and its impact on health.

What is Bacteroides salanitronis?

Bacteroides salanitronis is a species of Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that belongs to the Bacteroides genus. These bacteria are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract and play an important role in the digestion of complex carbohydrates and the maintenance of gut health.

What is the Role of Bacteroides salanitronis in the Gut Microbiome?

In the gut microbiome, Bacteroides salanitronis helps break down and ferment complex carbohydrates that the human body cannot digest on its own. 

This process produces short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites that are beneficial for gut health and overall metabolic functions.

How is Bacteroides salanitronis Detected?

Bacteroides salanitronis can be detected using microbiological and molecular techniques such as stool culture, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metagenomic analysis. These methods allow for the identification and quantification of Bacteroides salanitronis in the gut microbiome.

What Are the Benefits of Bacteroides salanitronis?

The benefits of Bacteroides salanitronis include aiding in the digestion of complex carbohydrates, producing beneficial short-chain fatty acids, supporting the gut barrier function, and helping maintain a balanced gut microbiome.

Can Bacteroides salanitronis Be Harmful?

Under normal circumstances, Bacteroides salanitronis is beneficial and contributes to a healthy gut. However, an imbalance in the gut microbiome (dysbiosis) can sometimes lead to an overgrowth of Bacteroides species.

How Does Bacteroides salanitronis Interact With Other Gut Bacteria?

Bacteroides salanitronis interacts with other gut bacteria through competitive and cooperative relationships. These interactions help maintain a balanced gut microbiome, where beneficial bacteria support each other's growth and function while keeping pathogenic bacteria in check.

How Can I Support the Growth of Beneficial Bacteria Like Bacteroides salanitronis?

Supporting the growth of beneficial bacteria like Bacteroides salanitronis involves:

• Eating a balanced diet rich in dietary fiber, particularly from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

• Consuming fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut

• Avoiding excessive use of antibiotics, which can disrupt the gut microbiome

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and stress management

When Should I Consult a Healthcare Provider About My Gut Microbiome?

You should consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent digestive issues such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation. 

A healthcare provider can evaluate your symptoms, potentially recommend microbiome testing, and suggest appropriate treatments or dietary changes to improve gut health.

Order Bacteroides Testing

Click here to compare testing options and order testing to assess Bacteroides salanitronis and other Bacteroides levels.