Ocean Quahog

The ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) is a long-lived, slow-growing clam native to the cold waters of the North Atlantic, harvested primarily from sandy seabeds between Maine and Virginia.

Renowned for its longevity, sustainability, and rich flavor, this bivalve is valued both as a commercial seafood product and a model organism in aging and environmental research.

What is Ocean Quahog?

The ocean quahog is a wild clam found along the North Atlantic coast, from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras. U.S. harvests are concentrated between Maine and Virginia. It lives buried in sandy seabeds at depths of 25 to 1,300 feet in cold waters typically below 60°F.

Biology & Life Cycle

Ocean quahogs are among the longest-lived marine animals, often harvested at 40–100 years old, with some individuals exceeding 200 years.

They grow slowly, taking about 20 years to reach commercial size and beginning reproduction around age 6.

These bivalve mollusks filter-feed on microscopic algae by drawing water through siphons while buried in the ocean floor.

Juveniles are preyed upon by crabs, sea stars, and fish; adults are well-protected by thick shells and burrowing behavior.

Reproduction occurs once a year with external fertilization, followed by a larval drift stage lasting 30+ days before settling.

Sustainability & Fishery Management

Ocean quahogs are sustainably harvested under U.S. regulations using gear designed to minimize habitat impact and bycatch.

The fishery is managed through an individual transferable quota (ITQ) system.

Stock assessments show the population is not overfished and remains above target levels, though productivity is naturally low due to the species' slow growth.

Harvesting gear includes hydraulic clam dredges offshore and smaller "dry" dredges in Maine.

Culinary Use & Flavor Profile

Ocean quahog meat is pinkish, firm, and rich in flavor, stronger than other clam species. It is particularly suited for bold, hearty seafood dishes such as:

• Clam chowders and bisques
• Tomato-based pasta sauces
• Seafood stews

The meat is sold minced, chopped, or in strips, and is available frozen, canned, or as clam juice. Smaller ocean quahogs harvested from Maine are marketed as mahogany clams, popular for steaming or serving on the half-shell.

Availability

Ocean quahogs are available year-round and widely used in processed and value-added seafood products.

Nutritional Benefits (Per 100g serving)

Nutritional facts for ocean quahog:

• Calories: 74
• Protein: 12.8g
• Fat: 1g (low in saturated fat)
• Cholesterol: 34mg
• Selenium: 24.3 mcg

They are an excellent source of:

• High-quality protein
• Selenium
• Iron
• Vitamin B12

Health Considerations Regarding Ocean Quahog Consumption

While considered a delicious seafood, some people may be cautious when eating ocean quahog, or avoid it altogether. 

Seafood Allergies

Shellfish, including ocean quahog, are among the most common causes of food allergies, affecting nearly 7 million Americans. These allergies can trigger reactions ranging from mild symptoms like itching or hives to severe, potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis. 

Many individuals with shellfish allergies react primarily to crustaceans such as shrimp, crab, and lobster, and can safely eat mollusks; however, an allergist must confirm this before consuming any new foods, including ocean quahog. Patients should consult an allergist before consuming any shellfish due to the risk of shared allergenic proteins or cross-contamination.

Clinicians should advise patients with shellfish allergies to avoid all related species unless specifically tested (see below), and to carry an epi-pen if there is any concern of anaphylaxis.

Paralytic Seafood Poisoning

Ocean quahog, like other seafood, can be a source of foodborne illness if not handled properly. 

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) is a serious illness caused by eating shellfish, such as clams, mussels, oysters, or ocean quahog, that have accumulated toxins from algae blooms. The toxin cannot be removed by cooking or freezing.

Symptoms—such as numbness, nausea, confusion, even paralysis and death—can appear within hours and may be severe or even fatal, so prompt medical care is essential if illness occurs after eating shellfish.

In addition, bacterial contaminants such as Vibrio species or viruses like norovirus can pose a risk if the ocean quahog is undercooked or exposed to contaminated water.

Heavy Metals

While not specific to ocean quahog, heavy metal accumulation is a general concern with seafood. Filter feeders such as ocean quahog may accumulate substances like mercury or arsenic from their environment through a process known as bioaccumulation. 

Regulatory agencies routinely monitor heavy metal levels in seafood, but clinicians should be mindful when advising high-risk populations, such as pregnant individuals or those with kidney issues.

Food Allergies vs. Food Sensitivities

Food allergies and food sensitivities are different immune responses to food. Whether a person has a food allergy or food sensitivity, the proteins in a particular food are often (but not always) responsible for triggering the immune system's reaction. 

Food allergies, typically IgE-mediated, cause immediate, sometimes severe reactions like anaphylaxis within minutes to hours of eating the food, often triggered by common allergens like nuts, seafood, or dairy. 

On the other hand, food sensitivities are more common and involve delayed non-IgE-mediated immune reactions, such as gastrointestinal discomfort or skin issues, and usually occur hours or days after consuming the food. They may involve an IgG-mediated immune response, and other immune-mediated chemicals may also be present.

While food allergies can cause life-threatening reactions like anaphylaxis and are often identified early, food sensitivities are not life-threatening and can be managed with dietary changes. 

Both are triggered when the immune system mistakenly identifies food proteins as harmful, but food allergies involve an immediate IgE response, while food sensitivities are due to a delayed immune reaction.

What is Food Sensitivity Testing?

Food sensitivity testing, such as this panel, identifies various immune reactions, helping clinicians pinpoint which foods may trigger symptoms. 

This testing can be helpful when it’s important to differentiate food sensitivities from food allergies, as they require different management strategies. Unlike traditional allergy testing focusing on immediate responses, food sensitivity testing can reveal delayed, less obvious reactions.

What is Tested for in Food Sensitivity Testing?

Different companies offer different panels, which may assess various biomarkers. Increasingly, a combination of the following biomarkers is seen: 

Antibodies

IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE antibodies are the primary markers tested for food sensitivities. IgG is a commonly tested antibody in food sensitivity panels, reflecting a delayed, chronic immune response. 

IgA and IgM are also assessed regarding mucosal immunity and initial immune responses, respectively. 

IgE is typically tested in food allergy testing, but it can sometimes be part of food sensitivity panels if a clinician suspects allergic reactions and sensitivities.

Other Immune-Mediated Biomarkers

Complement Markers may also be tested in some panels, offering insights into inflammation and immune system activation.

Commonly Tested Foods

Food sensitivity panels often test for common foods like dairy, gluten, soy, eggs, nuts, and shellfish. These foods are frequently implicated in immune reactions due to their protein structures, which can provoke an immune response in sensitive individuals. 

However, many companies now offer testing for additional foods to help clinicians craft more personalized patient food plans. The foods tested will depend on the patient's history, symptoms, and dietary considerations.

What Results Mean

Test results typically include a range of reactivity, from low to high. Low reactivity indicates minimal immune involvement and may not be clinically significant. 

High reactivity suggests that the food is likely a trigger for symptoms. It's essential to interpret these results in the context of the patient's clinical presentation. 

Positive results are not definitive diagnoses but guide further clinical action, such as elimination diets or further testing.

Clinical Indications for Food Sensitivity Testing

Food sensitivity testing is most useful when patients present with chronic, unexplained symptoms that don't fit into conventional diagnostic categories. Conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), autoimmune disorders, and other inflammatory conditions may be associated with food sensitivities. 

Testing may be especially useful when symptom patterns or patient history suggest a dietary trigger, but when traditional allergy testing has been negative.

Food sensitivities are often tied to gut health and inflammation. Leaky gut syndrome, where the intestinal lining becomes permeable, is frequently linked with food sensitivities. Identifying specific triggers can help reduce systemic inflammation and improve gut function.

Challenges and Limitations

While food sensitivity testing can be highly informative, there are limitations. 

False positives and negatives can occur, as these tests may detect clinically insignificant immune reactions. Additionally, sensitivity testing is not a one-size-fits-all solution—other factors, such as gut microbiota and leaky gut, should also be considered when interpreting results. 

Finally, food sensitivity testing remains controversial, with some mainstream practitioners questioning its validity.

As with any assessment or treatment, the potential benefits should be weighed against the risks for every patient. 

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